OBJECTIVE: Although cingulotomy has been applied to patients with affective disorders more frequently, there are numerous reports of its use for the control of severe pain. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of stereotactic bilateral anterior cingulotomy for intractable cancer pain. METHOD:Between January and June, 2000, we underwent stereotactic bilateral anterior cingulotomy in 6 patients for intractable cancer pain with poor response to opioids. The patients were suffering from widespread musculoskeletal or visceral pain. We made four lesions along the two tracks on either side of the cingulate cortex. Result: In all patients, pain reliefs after cingulotomy were dramatic and immediate. Five out of six patients did not require any opioids and one patient could reduce dose of opioids. There were no deaths or serious complications related to the procedure. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that a bilateral anterior cingulotomy might be useful method to control intractable cancer pain associated with the widespread metastatic disease. To provide rationale of bilateral anterior cingulotomy in intractable cancer pain, the theoretical mechanisms and role of bilateral anterior cingulotomy are discussed, along with our surgical techniques and the course of our patients.
Analgesics, Opioid ; Gyrus Cinguli ; Humans ; Mood Disorders ; Visceral Pain

Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) may experience several types of chronic pains. Abdominal pain in patients with SCI has gained limited attention and little is yet known about its characteristics and mechanisms. It often has been regarded as visceral pain associated with constipation and distention. Neuropathic pains localized in the abdomen have rarely been reported. We experience a case of intractable abdominal pain in a patient with SCI, neither of visceral pathology nor of musculoskeletal origin. The nature of pain fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for neuropathic pains. The pain was therefore regarded as neuropathic and managed accordingly. The first- and second-line oral drugs available were being performed, unfortunately, adequate pain control was not achieved. We tried an intrathecal lidocaine injection as another treatment option, and the injection had considerable effects.
Abdomen ; Abdominal Pain* ; Chronic Pain ; Constipation ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Neuralgia ; Spinal Cord Injuries* ; Spinal Cord* ; Visceral Pain

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for proper pain management. METHOD: Data were collected from 85 hospitalized patients with cancer pain. A retrospective chart review of level of pain, source of pain, verbal expression of pain, and pain management was done. The data were analyzed with the SPSS program. RESULTS: The level of pain measured by NRS at the three time points was as follows: Time 1 (4.40+/-2.25), Time 2 (0.61+/-1.30), Time 3 (2.47+/-2.75). The kinds of pain were somatic pain (51.8%), visceral pain (37.6%), neuropathic pain (12.9%). The analgesic amount measured by OME (oral morphine equivalent) was as follows: Time 1 (70.85+/-69.65), Time 2 (91.61+/-89.20), Time 3 (96.71+/-94.25). Degree of pain had significant differences according to type of cancer (F=-3.286, p= .002), cancer origin (F=2.906, p= .018), and metastasis (F=2.906, p= .018) at Time 2. Best control period had significant difference according to type of cancer (F=2.373, p= .023), and origin of cancer (F=2.466, p= .040) at Time 2. CONCLUSION: These finding will enable the application of nursing interventions for pain control in cancer patients, identification of kinds of nursing compared to priorities, and increased levels of comfort in cancer patients in clinical settings.
Analgesics ; Humans ; Morphine ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neuralgia ; Nociceptive Pain ; Pain Management ; Retrospective Studies ; Visceral Pain

PURPOSE: The effects of pain on brain is not well known. Also, differences between somatic and visceral pains have not been fully elucidated. This study was conducted to investigate changes in the expression of c-Fos protein after somatic and visceral pains were induced by formalin. METHODS: Male rats(n=65) were underwent one of three procedures : (i) Control group, rats were left undisturbed in their cages; (ii) Somatic pain group, rats were injected subcutaneously with 0.1 ml of 10% formalin in the plantar surface of right hindpaw; (iii) Visceral pain group, rats were administered with same amount of formalin, as described above, in the rectum. Rats were sacrificed at increasing times(30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 6 hours, 1 day, 3 days and 7 days) after noxious formalin stimuli to hindpaws and rectums. Rat brains were removed and sliced in rat brain matrix. Brain slices were coronal sectioned at interaural 5.70-6.70mm. Serial sections were immunohistochemically reacted with polyclonal c-Fos antibody. The numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons in cingulate cortex, primary somatosensory area, and hippocampus were examined and analyzed statistically with Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: 1) The numbers of c-For protein immunoreactive neurons in cingulate cortex, primary somatosensory area and hippocampus peaked at 2 hours after somatic pain stimuli and reached almost normal conditions at 7 days. 2) The numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons in cingulate cortex, primary somatosensory area and hippocampus peaked at 1 day after visceral pain stimuli and reached almost normal conditions at 7 days. 3) The numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons of somatic pain groups were higher than that of visceral groups at all times and the difference of numbers peaked at 2 hours after pain stimuli. CONCLUSION: Reactions of somatic pain stimuli influenced more changable than visceral pain stimuli to brain. Conduction velocities of somatic pain were more faster than those of visceral pain. Higher numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons were found in specific regions. These results provide some basic knowledge in understanding the mechanism and control of pain.
Animals ; Brain* ; Formaldehyde* ; Gyrus Cinguli ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Male ; Neurons* ; Nociceptive Pain ; Rats* ; Rectum ; Visceral Pain

BACKGROUND: Total knee replacement is often accompanied by severe post-operative pain. Oxycodone has sufficient analgesic effects and somewhat greater, but tolerable side effects compared to fentanyl. However, most studies on the topic evaluate visceral pain relief. In this study, we determine the effectiveness of oxycodone for somatic pain and evaluate the incidence of side effects. METHODS: Sixty-nine patients were involved in a randomized control trial. Analgesic agents were administered to two experimental groups at a post anesthetic care unit (PACU) 15 min after PACU admission: a 50 µg fentanyl group (n = 40) and a 4 mg oxycodone group (n = 29), both with severe pain (numeric rating scale, NRS > 5). Changes in NRS at the PACU were measured. Additional analgesic agents were administered at 0–6, 6–12, 12–24, and 24–48 h after surgery. RESULTS: Total fentanyl consumption and the number of patients who required additional opioids were significantly lower in the oxycodone group than in the fentanyl group. Incidence of side effects was not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Oxycodone shows a better analgesic effect than fentanyl in somatic pain in the acute phase of post-operative pain. The side effects of oxycodone are not significantly different from those of fentanyl.
Analgesics ; Analgesics, Opioid ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee* ; Fentanyl* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Nociceptive Pain ; Oxycodone* ; Visceral Pain

Pelvic visceral pain associated with both cancer and chronic benign conditions may be alleviated by superior hypogastric plexus block (SHPB). The complications of SHPB include infection, bleeding, or intravascular injection because of the adjacent location of the iliac vessel to the route of needle insertion, and pelvic visceral damage. However, acute ureteral obstruction leading to acute renal failure (ARF) as a complication of SHPB has not been reported to date in the literature. We report a patient with ARF that resulted from acute ureteral obstruction following SHPB performed for the relief of lower abdominal pain and tenesmus in metastatic ureter cancer.
Abdominal Pain ; Acute Kidney Injury ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hypogastric Plexus* ; Needles ; Ureteral Neoplasms ; Ureteral Obstruction* ; Visceral Pain

BACKGROUND: For laparoscopic cholecystectomy, pain is most frequent complaint and the most common cause of delayed discharge. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of preoperative administration of celecoxib on the level of postoperative pain in patient undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: We enrolled 60 patients ASA class I and II, scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The patients were randomized to receive celecoxib 200 mg, celecoxib 400 mg or placebo two hour before the induction of anesthesia. The patients received the same anesthetics. The intensities of abdominal pain were assessed using VAS (visual analog scale) at 1, 2, 4, 12, 24 hours after surgery. RESULTS: In celecoxib 200 mg group, VAS score of somatic pain compared to control group decreased at 1, 2, and 4 hours after surgery. In celecoxib 400 mg group, VAS score of somatic pain compared to control group decreased at 1, 2, and 4 hours after surgery. There was no difference between celecoxib 200 mg and celecoxib 400 mg in pain scores of somatic pain. Dosage of meperidine in two celecoxib groups after surgery were each 31 mg and 26 mg and that of control group was 72 mg. There was no difference between celecoxib groups and placebo group in pain scores of visceral pain. CONCLUSIONS: The preoperative administration of celecoxib reduces the level of postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy without adverse effects.
Abdominal Pain ; Anesthesia ; Anesthetics ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic ; Humans ; Meperidine ; Nociceptive Pain ; Pain, Postoperative ; Pyrazoles ; Sulfonamides ; Visceral Pain ; Celecoxib

Visceral pain is the most common form of pain caused by varied diseases and a major reason for patients to seek medical consultation. It also leads to a significant economic burden due to workdays lost and reduced productivity. Further, long-term use of non-specific medications is also associated with side effects affecting the quality of life. Despite years of extensive research and the availability of several therapeutic options, management of patients with chronic visceral pain is often inadequate, resulting in frustration for both patients and physicians. This is, most likely, because the mechanisms associated with chronic visceral pain are different from those of acute pain. Accumulating evidence from years of research implicates several receptors and ion channels in the induction and maintenance of central and peripheral sensitization during chronic pain states. Understanding the specific role of these receptors will facilitate to capitalize on their unique properties to augment the therapeutic efficacy while at the same time minimizing unwanted side effects. The aim of this review is to provide a concise review of the recent literature that reports on the role of principal ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors in the modulation visceral pain. We also include an overview of the possibility of these receptors as potential new targets for the treatment of chronic visceral pain conditions.
Acute Pain ; Chronic Pain ; Efficiency ; Frustration ; Humans ; Ion Channels ; Ligand-Gated Ion Channels ; Quality of Life ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate ; Visceral Pain*

A complex set of interactions between the microbiome, gut and brain modulate responses to visceral pain. These interactions occur at the level of the gastrointestinal mucosa, and via local neural, endocrine or immune activity; as well as by the production of factors transported through the circulatory system, like bacterial metabolites or hormones. Various psychological, infectious and other stressors can disrupt this harmonious relationship and alter both the microbiome and visceral pain responses. There are critical sensitive periods that can impact visceral pain responses in adulthood. In this review we provide a brief background of the intestinal microbiome and emerging concepts of the bidirectional interactions between the microbiome, gut and brain. We also discuss recent work in animal models, and human clinical trials using prebiotics and probiotics that alter the microbiome with resultant alterations in visceral pain responses.
Brain ; Humans ; Microbiota* ; Models, Animal ; Mucous Membrane ; Prebiotics ; Probiotics ; Visceral Pain*

BACKGROUND: This study sought to determine safe ranges of oblique angle, skin entry point and needle length by reviewing computed tomography (CT) scans and to evaluate the usefulness of a bent tip needle during celiac plexus block (CPB). METHODS: CT scans of 60 CPB patients were reviewed. Image of the uppermost margin of L2 vertebral body was used to measure the minimal and maximal oblique angles and the distances from the midline to skin puncture point. The imaginary needle trajectory distance was calculated by three-dimensional measurement. When the procedure was performed by using a 10degrees bent tip needle under a 20degrees oblique X-ray fluoroscopic view, the distance (GF/G'F) from the midline to the actual puncture site was measured. RESULTS: The imaginary safe oblique angle range was 26.4-34.2degrees and 27.7-36.0degrees on the right and left, respectively. The distance from the midline to skin puncture point was 6.1-7.6 cm on the right and 6.3-7.6 cm on the left. The needle trajectory distance at minimal angle was 9.6-11.6 cm on the right and 9.5-11.5 cm on the left. The distance of GF/G'F was 5.1-6.5 cm and 5.0-6.4 cm on the right and left, respectively. All imaginary parameters were correlated with BMI except for GF/G'F. All complications were mild and transient. CONCLUSIONS: We identified safe values of angles and distances using a straight needle. Furthermore, using a bent tip needle under a 20degrees oblique fluoroscopic view, we could safely perform CPB with smaller parameter values.
Celiac Plexus* ; Fluoroscopy ; Humans ; Needles* ; Punctures ; Skin ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Visceral Pain