Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; virology ; Virus Diseases

The association of viral infection to ear disease has triggered a great deal of interests. In the present paper, we provide a critical review of the viral hypothesis of ear diseases. Detection of viral antigen and antibody or RNA and DNA in the patients serum, endolymphatic fluid or surgical pathology specimens reveals that virus may have relevance to certain kinds of ear diseases, such as Meniere's disease, idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss, otosclerosis. Bell's palsy and otitis media. The most appealing is the herpesvirus, which can cause latent infection in the neurons, and its reactivation may be the mechanism of recurrent attacks of ear diseases. Currently, antiviral drug treatment plus supportive therapy are the most effective managements dealing with viral infection. Although antiviral vaccine will become a promising preventive strategy in the future.
Ear Diseases ; virology ; Humans ; Labyrinth Diseases ; virology ; Otitis Media ; virology ; Virus Diseases

Animals ; Humans ; Virus Diseases ; virology ; Viruses ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification

Respiratory virus poses a serious threat to human life and health. Airway epithelial cells are the body's first line of defense from a wide variety of foreign pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria. Therefore, successful airway epithelial cell culture can provide a model for investigating the mechanisms underlying respiratory pathogenic diseases following airway virus infection. This respiratory disease model can also be used for the potential development of novel therapeutics. Here we provide a brief review of recent developments on the culture of cells derived from human trachea-bronchial airway epithelium, and the application of this model for studying respiratory virus and disease.
Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Epithelial Cells ; virology ; Humans ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; virology ; Virus Diseases ; virology ; Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Viruses ; genetics ; isolation & purification

Abstract: To investigate the distribution of avian influenza virus in environmental samples from live poultry markets (LPM) in China, samples were collected and tested by nucleic acid during 2009-2013 season. Each sample was tested by real-time RT PCR using flu A specific primers. If any real-time PCR was positive, the sample was inoculated into specific-pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs for viral isolation. The results indicated that the positive rate of nucleic acid in enviromental samples exhibited seasonality. The positive rate of nucleic acid was significantly higher in Winter and Spring. The positive rate of nucleic acid in LPM located in the south of China was higher than in northern China. Samples of Sewage for cleaning poultry and chopping board showed that higher positive rate of nucleic acid than other samples. The Subtype identification showed that H5 and H9 were main subtypes in the enviromental samples. Viral isolation indicated H5 subtypes was more than H9 subtypes between 2009 and 2013 while H9 subtypes increased in 2013. Our findings suggested the significance of public health based on LPM surveillance and provided the basis of prevention and early warning for avian flu infection human.
Animals ; China ; Feces ; virology ; Fresh Water ; virology ; Influenza A virus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza in Birds ; virology ; Poultry ; Poultry Diseases ; virology ; Public Health ; Seasons ; Sewage ; virology

A large number of viruses have been found to be associated with ocular diseases, including human adenovirus, human herpesvirus (HHV), human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), and newly emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This group of diseases is prone to be misdiagnosed or missed diagnosis, resulting in serious tissue and visual damage. Etiological diagnosis is a powerful auxiliary mean to diagnose the ocular diseases associated with human adenovirus, herpes simplex virus 1 and varicella-zoster virus, and it provides the leading diagnosis evidence of infections with herpes simplex virus 2, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, HHV-6/7, HHV-8, HTLV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Virus isolation, immunoassay and genetic diagnosis are usually used for etiologic diagnosis. For genetic diagnosis, the PCR technique is the most important approach because of its advantages of rapid detection, convenient operation, high sensitivity and high specificity.
COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/virology* ; DNA, Viral/genetics* ; Eye Diseases/virology* ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology* ; Research/trends* ; Virus Diseases/virology*

MicroRNA (miRNA) are small non-coding molecules of ribonucleic acid. They are about 22 nucleotides in length, single-stranded, and mediate post-translational regulation by the repression or degradation of messenger RNA(mRNA). miRNA play a key part in the proliferation, differentiation and death of cells. Viral infection is one of the most common causes of human disease. Some studies have found that miRNA has a very close relationship with viral infection, which has an effect on viral replication, the immune response and antiviral immunity. Use of miRNA may become the cornerstone of new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of viral infection. This article summarizes the progress of research into miRNA and viral infection.
Animals ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; metabolism ; Virus Diseases ; genetics ; metabolism ; virology ; Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Virus Replication ; Viruses ; genetics

COPI is a protein complex that transports vesicles from the Golgi complex back to endoplasmic reticulum. Many viruses such as RNA viruses, DNA viruses and retroviruses, hijack or adapt COPI related proteins including coatomer, ARF1 and GBF1 for their own benefits. Here, we summarize the current progress of the roles of COPI related proteins in virus replication.
Animals ; Coat Protein Complex I ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Virus Diseases ; genetics ; metabolism ; virology ; Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Virus Replication

Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; prevention & control ; therapy ; virology ; Virus Diseases ; prevention & control ; therapy

Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) strain SD1511 was isolated from chickens with severe inclusion body hepatitis and hydropericardium syndrome in Shandong Province, China. The isolate was cultured in primary chicken embryo kidney cells. A study of pathogenicity indicated that SD1511 readily infected 7-35-d-old chickens by intramuscular injection and intranasal and oral routes, causing 50%-100% mortality. The 35-d-old chickens suffered more severe infection than 7- and 21-d-old chickens with mortality highest in the intramuscular injection group. The serum from surviving chickens showed potent viral neutralizing capability. The complete genome of SD1511 was sequenced and analyzed. The strain was found to belong to the FAdV-4 cluster with more than 99% identity with the virulent FAdV-4 strains isolated in China in recent years except for some distinct variations, including deletions of open reading frame 27 (ORF27), ORF48, and part of ORF19. Our findings suggest that SD1511 might be used as a prototype strain for the study of pathogenesis and vaccine development.
Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Aviadenovirus/pathogenicity* ; Cell Line ; Chick Embryo/virology* ; Chickens/virology* ; China ; Gene Deletion ; Genetic Variation ; Genome ; Genome, Viral ; Genomics ; Kidney/virology* ; Liver/virology* ; Open Reading Frames ; Poultry Diseases/virology* ; Serogroup ; Viral Load ; Virulence ; Virus Diseases/virology*