MicroRNA (miRNA) are small non-coding molecules of ribonucleic acid. They are about 22 nucleotides in length, single-stranded, and mediate post-translational regulation by the repression or degradation of messenger RNA(mRNA). miRNA play a key part in the proliferation, differentiation and death of cells. Viral infection is one of the most common causes of human disease. Some studies have found that miRNA has a very close relationship with viral infection, which has an effect on viral replication, the immune response and antiviral immunity. Use of miRNA may become the cornerstone of new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of viral infection. This article summarizes the progress of research into miRNA and viral infection.
Animals ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; metabolism ; Virus Diseases ; genetics ; metabolism ; virology ; Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Virus Replication ; Viruses ; genetics

COPI is a protein complex that transports vesicles from the Golgi complex back to endoplasmic reticulum. Many viruses such as RNA viruses, DNA viruses and retroviruses, hijack or adapt COPI related proteins including coatomer, ARF1 and GBF1 for their own benefits. Here, we summarize the current progress of the roles of COPI related proteins in virus replication.
Animals ; Coat Protein Complex I ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Virus Diseases ; genetics ; metabolism ; virology ; Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Virus Replication

Animals ; Humans ; Virus Diseases ; virology ; Viruses ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification

DNA ; Hepatitis B virus/genetics* ; Humans ; Immunosuppression Therapy ; Skin Diseases

microRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of important small non-coding RNA molecules, which participate in the post transcriptional gene regulation. In this review, the numbers and chromosomal distribution of chicken miRNAs, and the regulation and function of chicken miRNAs in immune, embryo development and virus infection were reviewed. Additionally, the applications of chicken miRNAs were also discussed briefly. We hope it can provide references for further study and use of miRNAs in poultry husbandry fields.
Animals ; Chickens ; genetics ; Embryonic Development ; genetics ; Immunity ; genetics ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; Virus Diseases ; immunology ; veterinary

Viperin is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein that has been identified as an innate antiviral protein. Viperin expression can be largely upregulated by viruses, interferons, and oligonucleotides such as poly I:C and lipopolysaccharides. Viperin inhibits viral replication by interactiing with host cell proteins and several viral proteins, and disrupting the cell membrane system. It shows a broad-spectrum of antiviral activity. Some viruses have developed activities that counteract the action of viperin during a long- term period of evolution with hosts by impairing viperin expression. In addition to its antiviral effects, viperin has several other biological functions. This article review the basic characteristics of viperin and the state of current research into its antiviral effects, demonstrating the rapid progress that has been made in this field.
Animals ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Virus Diseases ; genetics ; immunology ; virology ; Virus Replication ; Viruses ; genetics ; immunology

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly pathogenic virus that can cause acute intestinal infectious diseases in both piglets and fattening pigs. The virus encodes at least 16 non-structural proteins, including nsp9, which has been shown to bind to single-stranded RNA. However, its function and mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify potential host proteins that interact with PEDV nsp9 using immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry. The interactions were then confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and confocal laser scanning fluorescence techniques. The results showed that nsp9 interacts with HSPA8, Tollip, HSPA9 and TOMM70. Among them, overexpression of HSPA8 resulted in caused first upregulated and then down-regulated expression of nsp9, and promoted the proliferation of PEDV. Overexpression of Tollip significantly upregulated the expression of nsp9 and inhibited the proliferation of PEDV. Overexpression of TOMM70 significantly reduced the expression of nsp9, but did not show significant effect on the proliferation of PEDV. Overexpression of HSPA9 did not show significant effect on the expression of nsp9 and the proliferation of PEDV. These findings may facilitate further investigating the role of nsp9-interacting proteins in PEDV infection.
Animals ; Swine ; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus/genetics* ; Virus Replication ; Proteins ; Swine Diseases

Animals ; Humans ; Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology ; Virus Diseases ; immunology ; prevention & control ; virology

Viral myocarditis (VMC) is a disease characterized by inflammation of myocardial cells caused by viral infection. Since the pathogenesis mechanism of VMC has not been fully elucidated, the diagnosis and treatment of this disease remains extremely challenging. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of RNAs that do not encode proteins. An increasing number of studies have shown that ncRNAs are involved in regulating the occurrence and development of VMC, thus providing potential new targets for the treatment and diagnosis of VMC. This review summarizes the possible roles of ncRNAs in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of VMC revealed recently.
Coxsackievirus Infections ; Enterovirus B, Human ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Myocarditis/genetics* ; Virus Diseases/genetics*

Interferon-induced Transmembrane Proteins (IFITMs) were identified through small interference RNA (siRNA) screening method in 1980s. The antiviral properties of the IFITMs were firstly discovered in 1996. Recently, its antiviral effect and mechanism have become a research hotspot. Many studies have shown that IFITM can inhibit the replication of multiple pathogenic viruses, including influenza A virus (IAV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Ebola virus (EBOV), West Nile virus and so on. IFITMs inhibit the replication of virus in the early stage of the viral life cycle, which occurred before the release of viral genomes into the cytosol. Recent studies indicate that IFITM proteins could block viral replication by mediate viral membrane fusion. However, the mechanism is still under investigation. Here we review the discovery and characterization of the IFITM proteins, elucidate their antiviral activities and the potential mechanisms.
Animals ; Humans ; Interferons ; genetics ; immunology ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Virus Diseases ; genetics ; immunology ; virology ; Viruses ; genetics ; immunology