Electronic microscopy is essential for virus research and detection. To detect viruses or microorganisms, the study of appearance, dimentions, microstructure, parallel structure (cell, capsid, capsome and spikes), cell outer layer, pore and hair and comparison with the previous ones is vital through electronic microscopy. The advantage of this method is samples taken easily, quick classification, multifactoral causes and fast diagnosis.
Virus Diseases ; Microscopy ; Diagnosis

We have developed and characterised a mouse model of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection via footpad inoculation in order to better mimic viral transmission by mosquito bites. Two-week-old and 5-week-old mice consistently developed signs of infection such as ruffled fur, weight loss, hunchback posture, tremors, mask-like facies and occasionally, hindlimb paralysis at 4 days post infection (dpi) and 11-13 dpi, respectively. Most of the animals died within 24 to 48 hours following the onset of signs of infection, with mortalities of 100% and 33.3% in 2-week-old and 5-week-old mice, respectively. Mild meningitis and variable parenchymal inflammation with formation of microglial nodules, focal necrosis and neuronophagia, and perivascular cuffing by inflammatory cells were observed in the caudate nucleus, putamen, thalamus, cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Viral antigens/RNA were demonstrated by immunohistochemisty and in situ hybridization, respectively, in most of these areas as well as in the hippocampus and cerebellum, albeit more focally. The pathological findings in this mouse model were generally similar to human Japanese encephalitis (JE) and other established JE models but perhaps, compared to other JEV mouse models, it demonstrates lethal encephalitic infection more consistently. We believe that our mouse model should be useful to study the pathogenesis of JE, and for testing anti-viral drugs and vaccines
Encephalitis, Japanese ; Virus Diseases

Aims: Psittacine birds such as parrots, macaws, cockatoos, lovebirds and parakeets, are widely reared as household pets or at aviary due to their attractive features. However, the status of virus-causing diseases of psittacine species in Malaysia is fairly under-documented. Therefore, this study was aimed to detect the presence of three common avian viruses that infect psittacine birds, i.e. beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), avian polyomavirus and avian papillomavirus. Methodology and results: Faecal samples from twelve asymptomatic captive psittacine birds of different species were collected from an undisclosed animal garden in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Briefly, the sample was homogenised and resuspended with SM buffer with the ratio 1:1 (weight of sample/g: volume of SM buffer/mL) before centrifugation at 1,000 × g for 20 min. The supernatant was collected and filtered before subjected to genomic DNA extraction using a commercialised kit. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to screen the V1, VP1 and L1 genes of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), avian polyomavirus and avian papillomavirus, respectively. Findings revealed that the samples were negative for BFDV and avian polyomavirus. However, positive results of 1.5 kbp PCR amplicon were detected for avian papillomavirus in four out of the 12 samples (33.33%), which was from the white-crested cockatoo, African grey parrot, yellow-collared macaw and Senegal parrot. Sequence analysis of the L1 gene from the Senegal parrot Poicephalus senegalus revealed 93% identity to a reference Psittacus erithacus timneh avian papillomavirus. Conclusion, significance and impact of study This study added to the limited prevalence data of three important avian viruses which infect captive psittacines in Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia. Avian papillomavirus, but not BFDV and avian polyomavirus, was detected in the collected captive psittacine birds. Therefore, a routine screening can be performed to monitor the health status of birds despite their asymptomatic manifestation, in order to prevent possible virus transmission.
Virus Diseases ; Birds

Author has performed 5 cases of conjunctival flap for the viral deratitis. 1) Histologically, there were many methods for the viral diseases of the cornea. However, the results were not so satisfactory. 2) Author experienced the prevention of corneal perforation by this method. 3) The result was very satisfectory.
Cornea* ; Corneal Perforation ; Virus Diseases

In 1987-2002 period 1444/9660 samples (14.9%) of Dengue virus were isolated. Type 1 of Dengue virus appeared from 1989 to 1996. type 2 from 1987-1997, type 3 from 1996-1998, and type 4 recently. Gene structure of Viet Nam isolated virus in the year 1987 was similar to those in the world and in Jamaica and type 3 virus in the year 1988 was similar to that of Thailand 1987. The most of human virus isolated from adult were in the North, while in the South mainly at the age of 5-14 (60.28%)
Dengue Virus ; Diseases ; Viruses ; epidemiology

Viral disease is traditionally thought to result from an insufficient response of the host to infection, leading to increased replication of viruses and consequently disease. However, the disease is not the simple result of uncontrolled replication of virus. Indeed, the inflammatory response triggered by certain infection is frequently the cause of tissue damage and death. This inflammatory situation can be called as immunopathologic phenomena. By understanding the mechanisms which drive disease, novel therapies may be devised for treatment of patients. I will describe the situations of some viral diseases in which unwanted (excessive, misplaced or altered) inflammation causes immunopathologic phenomena and is responsible for disease induction. In these situations, I will also describe some candidates of antiviral drug which inhibit or modulate the inflammatory response to viral infection.
Humans ; Inflammation ; Virus Diseases ; Viruses

No abstract available.
Diagnosis* ; In Situ Hybridization* ; Virus Diseases*

A horizontal section descriptive study was conducted from September 2001 to May 2002 on the subjects who never been vaccinated previously. The examinations for HBsAg and antiHBs were performed by ELISA technique on ASXYM apparatus before the vaccination. Most of 1841 choosen subjects were of aged 15-19, 20-29 and 30-39 groups. The rate of protected subjects was 35.8%, the least was in the aged group of 10-14. These rates were similar in 2 genders
Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B virus ; Diseases ; Vaccination

Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is an infectious viral disease that is common among children. It is clinically characterized by vesicular eruptions on the palms and soles and a maculopapular rash. Onychomadesis is a periodic idiopathic shedding of the nails at their proximal ends and results from arrest of the proliferative function of the nail matrix. Recently, a few reports described onychomadesis following HFMD, although the mechanism remains unclear. To our knowledge, this association has not been reported in Korea. Herein, we report two cases of onychomadesis following HFMD and review the published data.
Child ; Exanthema ; Humans ; Korea ; Virus Diseases

We identified anti HIV, anti HCV and HBsAg in 397 blood disease patients (160 males: 237 females with their age rank 16-80) were treated in National Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion during two year(1998-1999). The results showed that: - The proportion of HBsAg, anti HIV at blood disease patients were: 7.05%; 3.02%; 0.05%, respectively.- The proportion of HbsAg, anti HCV and anti HIV at male and female patients were:+ HBsAg: male: 11.25%; Female: 4.21%+ Anti HCV: male: 3.75%; female: 2.53%+ Anti HIV: male: 0.62%; female: 0.42%. The percentage of anti HCV is highest in hemophilia patients (51.7%).- The percentage of HBsAg is higher in MDS patients (16.2%) and hemolytic patients (14.58%).- The percentage of anti HCV(+) in patients polytransfusion is: 5.6%.- The percentage of anti HCV is highest in Kahler and lymphoma patients (19.04%). -The percentage of HBsAg is higher in MDS patients 15.7%).
Hematologic Diseases ; HIV ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepacivirus