Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). belongs to family Picornaviridae, genus Enterovirus, species A. EV71 infection usually affects subjects aged <5 years. HFMD caused by EV71 infection is usually mild in children. However, in some cases EV71 infection can lead to severe neurogenic disease and even death. EV71 infection has caused epidemic worldwide (especially in the Asia Pacific). HFMD caused by EV71 has become a major public-health prol lem across the Asia Pacific. In EV71 infection, the pathogenesis is determined by viral and host factor, Here, we review research on host susceptibility and how EV71 suppresses immune and intracellular ri
Animals ; Enterovirus A, Human ; genetics ; pathogenicity ; physiology ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; virology ; Humans ; Virulence ; Virus Attachment ; Virus Replication

Phages also known as bacteria viruses, are recognized as the most abundant and diverse microbes. This diversity is adapting to the selective pressures such as the prevalence of the phage resistance mechanisms of bacteria. Phages invade and lyse bacterial through six steps (adsorption, injection, replication, transcription translation, assemble, release). Bacteria evolve to many anti-phage mechanisms to avoid phage infection and lysis. This paper focus on a variety of anti-phage mechanisms of bacteria.
Bacteria ; genetics ; virology ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacteriophages ; genetics ; physiology ; DNA Replication ; Evolution, Molecular ; Virus Attachment

Influenza A viruses (IAV) are highly contagious pathogens causing dreadful losses to human and animal, around the globe. IAVs first interact with the host through epithelial cells, and the viral RNA containing a 5'-triphosphate group is thought to be the critical trigger for activation of effective innate immunity via pattern recognition receptors-dependent signaling pathways. These induced immune responses establish the antiviral state of the host for effective suppression of viral replication and enhancing viral clearance. However, IAVs have evolved a variety of mechanisms by which they can invade host cells, circumvent the host immune responses, and use the machineries of host cells to synthesize and transport their own components, which help them to establish a successful infection and replication. In this review, we will highlight the molecular mechanisms of how IAV infection stimulates the host innate immune system and strategies by which IAV evades host responses.
Animals ; Humans ; Immune Evasion ; Immunity, Innate ; Influenza A virus ; immunology ; physiology ; Influenza, Human ; immunology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Receptors, Pattern Recognition ; metabolism ; Virus Attachment

Animals ; Enterovirus A, Human ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lysosome-Associated Membrane Glycoproteins ; metabolism ; Receptors, Scavenger ; metabolism ; Virion ; metabolism ; Virus Attachment

Capsid Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Enterovirus A, Human ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiology ; Enterovirus Infections ; metabolism ; virology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lysosome-Associated Membrane Glycoproteins ; metabolism ; RNA, Viral ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptors, Scavenger ; metabolism ; Virion ; genetics ; metabolism ; Virus Attachment

Unlike the well-established picture for the entry of enveloped viruses, the mechanism of cellular entry of non-enveloped eukaryotic viruses remains largely mysterious. Picornaviruses are representative models for such viruses, and initiate this entry process by their functional receptors. Here we present the structural and functional studies of SCARB2, a functional receptor of the important human enterovirus 71 (EV71). SCARB2 is responsible for attachment as well as uncoating of EV71. Differences in the structures of SCARB2 under neutral and acidic conditions reveal that SCARB2 undergoes a pivotal pH-dependent conformational change which opens a lipid-transfer tunnel to mediate the expulsion of a hydrophobic pocket factor from the virion, a pre-requisite for uncoating. We have also identified the key residues essential for attachment to SCARB2, identifying the canyon region of EV71 as mediating the receptor interaction. Together these results provide a clear understanding of cellular attachment and initiation of uncoating for enteroviruses.
Acids ; chemistry ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Capsid Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism ; Enterovirus A, Human ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiology ; HEK293 Cells ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lysosome-Associated Membrane Glycoproteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Interaction Mapping ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA, Viral ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptors, Scavenger ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Sf9 Cells ; Static Electricity ; Virion ; genetics ; metabolism ; Virus Attachment

OBJECTIVETo screen the molecules binding dengue II virus expressed in Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells and characterize their biological functions.

METHODSAedes albopictus C6/36 cells were infected with dengue II virus, and the virus were collected and purified. The total and membrane proteins of C6/36 cells were extracted and analyzed using 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gel (PAGE). After electrophoresis, the proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, and virus overlay protein-binding assay (VOPBA) was carried out using an anti-dengue virus 1-4 monoclonal antibody.

RESULTSTwo specific bands of 67 000 and 30 000 occurred after VOPBA of the proteins from the cells incubated with the virus, while the negative control group did not show these specific bands.

CONCLUSIONTwo putative dengue virus receptor molecules of 67 000 and 30000 have been obtained from C6/36 cells using VOPBA, and their functional identification is in progress.

Aedes ; cytology ; virology ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Dengue Virus ; isolation & purification ; Membrane Proteins ; Receptors, Virus ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Virus Attachment

BACKGROUNDHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common primary cancer frequently associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, whether these identified genes are particularly associated with HBV-related HCC remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the differential gene expression between HBV-related HCC tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues.

METHODScDNA microarray was used to detect the differential gene expression profile in the HBV-related HCC tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to verify the differential expression of candidate genes obtained from cDNA microarray experiment.

RESULTSIn this study, 1369 genes or expressed sequence tags (ESTs) including 121 genes or ESTs with at least two-fold expression alterations between cancerous and noncancerous tissues were identified. Special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 (SATB-1) expression was positive in 73% (16/22) of cancerous tissues and negative (0/22) in all noncancerous tissues of HBV-related HCC patients. Transmembrane 4 superfamily member 1 (TM4SF-1) expression was positive in 86% (19/22) of cancerous tissues and negative (0/22) in all noncancerous tissues. Suppression of tumorigenicity 14 (ST-14) expression was positive in 73% (16/22) of noncancerous tissues in patients with HBV-related HCC and negative in all HCC tissues (0/22).

CONCLUSIONThis study provided the gene expression profile of HBV-related HCC and presented differential expression patterns of SATB-1, TM4SF-1 and ST-14 between cancerous and noncancerous tissues in patients with HBV-related HCC.

Adult ; Aged ; Antigens, Surface ; genetics ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; genetics ; virology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Hepatitis B virus ; pathogenicity ; Humans ; Male ; Matrix Attachment Region Binding Proteins ; genetics ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Proteins ; genetics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Young Adult

Dendritic Cells ; cytology ; immunology ; virology ; HIV ; physiology ; HIV Infections ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Mucosal ; immunology ; Mucous Membrane ; cytology ; immunology ; Virus Attachment ; Virus Internalization

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are single-stranded RNA viruses which contain the largest RNA genomes, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), a newly found group 2 CoV, emerged as infectious disease with high mortality rate. In this study, we compared the synonymous codon usage patterns between the nucleocapsid and spike genes of CoVs, and C-type lectin domain (CTLD) genes of human and mouse on the codon basis. Findings indicate that the nucleocapsid genes of CoVs were affected from the synonymous codon usage bias than spike genes, and the CTLDs of human and mouse partially overlapped with the nucleocapsid genes of CoVs. In addition, we observed that CTLDs which showed the similar relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) patterns with CoVs were commonly derived from the human chromosome 12, and mouse chromosome 6 and 12, suggesting that there might be a specific genomic region or chromosomes which show a more similar synonymous codon usage pattern with viral genes. Our findings contribute to developing the codon-optimization method in DNA vaccines, and further study is needed to determine a specific correlation between the codon usage patterns and the chromosomal locations in higher organisms.
Animals ; Codon/*genetics ; Humans ; Lectins, C-Type/*genetics ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*genetics ; Mice ; Nucleocapsid/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; SARS Virus/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control ; Species Specificity ; Vaccines, DNA ; Viral Envelope Proteins/*genetics ; Virus Attachment