This review will summarize EEG studies of learning and memory based on frequency bands including theta waves (4-7 Hz), gamma waves (> 30 Hz) and alpha waves (7-12 Hz). Authors searched and reviewed EEG papers especially focusing on learning and memory from PubMed. Theta waves are associated with acquisition of new information from stimuli. Gamma waves are connected with comparing and binding old information in preexisting memory and new information from stimuli. Alpha waves are linked with attention. Eventually it mediates the learning and memory process. Although EEG studies of learning and memory still have controversial issues, the future EEG studies will facilitate clinical benefits by virtue of more developed and encouraging prospects.
Electroencephalography* ; Learning* ; Memory* ; Virtues

Highly reproducible and consistent ischemic stroke models are critical for obtaining more confident data. To date, the infarct variation of several ischemic rat models is considerable. Therefore, many factors related to outcome variation and infarct growth must be controlled. Among various infarct models of rodents, intraluminal filament model is common by virtue of its consistency of the success rate and the outcomes. Recently more long-term evaluation of functional and imaging outcomes is considered in terms of clinical practice. Concise and subsequent outcome assessment could result in the improvement of translational stroke research. We recommend that the researchers should remember the guidelines addressed by the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) and the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP).
Animals ; Rats ; Rodentia ; Stroke ; Virtues

Ganglioneuroma is a rare benign tumor which originates in the neural crest, and is found along the path of the sympathetic chain, from the base of the skull to the pelvic cavity. Due to the slow growth of this type of tumor, it may be detected incidentally, or detected by virtue of the attendant pressure effects on adjacent structures. We report one case of ganglioneuroma arising in the pelvic cavity.
Ganglioneuroma ; Neural Crest ; Skull ; Virtues

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and organizational personality types (OPT) perceived by public health center workers and to analyze differences in perceptions according to organizational characteristics. METHODS: The subjects of this study were workers at 12 of the 22 public health centers in Chonnam Province, South Korea. To measure organizational characteristics, we employed the OPT Index and OCBs Index. Data were collected for one month, from 15 September to 14 October 2009. Data for 422 workers were used in the final analysis. Descriptive statistics and t tests were performed as appropriate, utilizing SPSS/WIN 14. RESULTS: Among 16 types of OPT, ESTJ, ISTJ and ESTP were the most prevalent for the 12 public health centers. The average weight of OCBs was 4.77, and courtesy and civic virtue held the first and the second ranks among OCBs, respectively. Statistically significant differences between types of OPT were detected, in that T type was gender (p=.007) while J type was age (p=.010), education (p=.043) and career (p=.000). Statistically significant differences between OCBs were found in age, education and career. CONCLUSION: Public health centers should have programs to innovate OPT and to improve OCB. The development of such programs should consider characteristics of public health center workers such as age, gender, education and career.
Korea ; Public Health ; Republic of Korea ; Virtues

Human understanding is one of the three virtues that are expected of physicians in Harrison's principles of internal medicine, and it was emphasized that a Shakespearean breadth is needed to be the true physician. Recently, there has been an increase in the need for human understanding, such as a continuous increase in GB stones, an association between the patient's life events and pancreaticobiliary diseases, an increase in autoimmune disease, and a high recurrence rate after treatment. Therefore, we attempted a holistic and fundamental approach for figuring out the pathogenesis of pancreaticobiliary diseases including human habit loop and adaptive response and suggests the model for the development of pancreaticobiliary disease considering human understanding.
Autoimmune Diseases ; Humans* ; Internal Medicine ; Recurrence ; Virtues

PURPOSE: The purpose was to identify marriage expectation and related factors among college students. METHODS: Data was collected by questionnaires from 329 college students in K university in Daegu. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. RESULT: Marriage expectation among college students was significantly different according to gender, age and opportunities for employment. Marriage expectation among college students correlated with sex role attitudes. Significant predictors influencing marriage expectation were age, opportunities for employment, mother's job, and sex role attitudes, A combination of these predictors accounted for 10.3% of the variance in marriage expectation. CONCLUSION: These findings show that marriage expectation is influenced by age, opportunities for employment, mother's job, and sex role attitudes. Therefore when nursing interventions are developed to improve marriage expectation, these factors need to be considered.
Employment ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Marriage ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Virtues

Trichogerminoma is a rare cutaneous adnexal tumor that dysplays differentiation toward the hair germ epithelium. This tumor was first described by Sau et al. in 1992 and it is characterized by densely packed round nests or cell balls resembling hair bulbs. Herein, we report on a deeply pigmented and sharply circumscribed nodular tumor that was excised on the abdomen of a 48-year-old woman. Histologically the tumor involved both dermis and subcutis without any epidermal connection. The main nodule was subdivided into the smaller lobules by fibrous stroma. The lobules were composed of masses of basaloid cells that displayed peripheral palisading. Within the lobules, the basaloid cells formed numerous cell balls. The tumor presented the characteristic features of trichogerminoma. Interestingly, our case was the pigmented type, which was remarkable by virtue of the heavy melanin deposits found within and around the tumor nests. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of pigmented trichogerminoma that has been reported worldwide.
Abdomen ; Dermis ; Epithelium ; Female ; Hair ; Humans ; Melanins ; Middle Aged ; Virtues

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of workplace spirituality and organizational citizenship behavior on nurses' performance of nursing. METHODS: This study was done over a 6 month period, with 395 nurses participants from 5 different general hospitals with 400 beds in 4 regions of Korea. Data were gathered using self-reported questionnaires from July 23 to August 21, 2015. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analyses with IBM SPSS 21.0 program. RESULTS: Nursing performance showed positive correlations with workplace spirituality and organizational citizenship behavior. The significant predictors of the nursing performance by nurses were a master's degree or higher (β=.26), civic virtue (β=.19), courtesy (β=.12), 40 years of age or older (β=.09), a sense of empathy (β=.07), and a bachelor's degree in nursing (β=.06). These variables explained 39.2% of the variance in nursing performance by nurses. CONCLUSION: Based on the outcomes of this study, there is a need to develop intervention programs that can inspire nurse to show spontaneous organizational citizenship behavior, and enhance their workplace spirituality. Related variables including academic credentials should also be taken into account.
Empathy ; Employee Performance Appraisal ; Hospitals, General ; Korea ; Nursing* ; Spirituality* ; Virtues

BACKGROUND: Intrathecal labor analgesia using new local anesthetics such as ropivacaine or levobupivacaine becomes more popular by virtues of their safety and decreased motor weakness. However, the analgesic efficacy of the clinically effective intrathecal doses of these new local anesthetics combined with fentanyl has yet to be determined. METHODS: Sixty parturients who requested neuraxial analgesia in early active labor were randomly assigned to either ropivacaine (group R, n = 30) or levobupivacaine (group L, n = 30) group. Group R received 3 mg of intrathecal ropivacaine and the group L received 3 mg of intrathecal levobupivacaine mixed with 20 microg of fentanyl as part of a combined spinal-epidural (CSE) technique. The associated block parameters, such as pain scores, duration of analgesia, the highest levels of the sensory block and motor block scores 30 mins after the injection were compared between two groups. RESULTS: Intrathecal ropivacaine offered shorter analgesia (87 +/- 41 min vs. 122 +/- 56 min, P < 0.05) with lower sensory height (T8.5 vs. T6, P < 0.05) and led to lower incidence of complete analgesia (73 vs. 97%, P < 0.05) compared with intrathecal levobupivacaine. Although motor weakness was comparable in both groups, significantly weak perineal squeezing was noticed in Group L (7 of 30 parturients vs. 16 of 30, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically relevant doses of intrathecal levobupivacaine in combination with fentanyl as part of a CSE technique provides more effective analgesia than equivalent doses of intrathecal ropivacaine in early labor, but is accompanied by slight motor weakness.
Analgesia* ; Anesthetics, Local ; Fentanyl* ; Incidence ; Injections, Spinal ; Virtues

The virtues of the pantopaque myelography in the study of the herniated intervertebral disc have been generally accepted. As expected, it shows the presence of ruptured disc in the accuracy over 80%. But it is open to discussion whether the myelographic defects can indicate the exact location and type of herniated discs or not. In this article, we attempted to find out some correlation between the myelographic defect and the operative finding in viewing the size and shape of myelographic defects. This consideration may be helpful to make a clear cut diagnosis in the lumbar disc disease. One hundred and sixtytwo operative cases undergoing pantopaque myelography were subjected. Some obtained results will be presented.
Diagnosis ; Intervertebral Disc ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; Iophendylate ; Myelography ; Virtues