This review will summarize EEG studies of learning and memory based on frequency bands including theta waves (4-7 Hz), gamma waves (> 30 Hz) and alpha waves (7-12 Hz). Authors searched and reviewed EEG papers especially focusing on learning and memory from PubMed. Theta waves are associated with acquisition of new information from stimuli. Gamma waves are connected with comparing and binding old information in preexisting memory and new information from stimuli. Alpha waves are linked with attention. Eventually it mediates the learning and memory process. Although EEG studies of learning and memory still have controversial issues, the future EEG studies will facilitate clinical benefits by virtue of more developed and encouraging prospects.
Electroencephalography* ; Learning* ; Memory* ; Virtues

Ganglioneuroma is a rare benign tumor which originates in the neural crest, and is found along the path of the sympathetic chain, from the base of the skull to the pelvic cavity. Due to the slow growth of this type of tumor, it may be detected incidentally, or detected by virtue of the attendant pressure effects on adjacent structures. We report one case of ganglioneuroma arising in the pelvic cavity.
Ganglioneuroma ; Neural Crest ; Skull ; Virtues

Highly reproducible and consistent ischemic stroke models are critical for obtaining more confident data. To date, the infarct variation of several ischemic rat models is considerable. Therefore, many factors related to outcome variation and infarct growth must be controlled. Among various infarct models of rodents, intraluminal filament model is common by virtue of its consistency of the success rate and the outcomes. Recently more long-term evaluation of functional and imaging outcomes is considered in terms of clinical practice. Concise and subsequent outcome assessment could result in the improvement of translational stroke research. We recommend that the researchers should remember the guidelines addressed by the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) and the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP).
Animals ; Rats ; Rodentia ; Stroke ; Virtues

Human understanding is one of the three virtues that are expected of physicians in Harrison's principles of internal medicine, and it was emphasized that a Shakespearean breadth is needed to be the true physician. Recently, there has been an increase in the need for human understanding, such as a continuous increase in GB stones, an association between the patient's life events and pancreaticobiliary diseases, an increase in autoimmune disease, and a high recurrence rate after treatment. Therefore, we attempted a holistic and fundamental approach for figuring out the pathogenesis of pancreaticobiliary diseases including human habit loop and adaptive response and suggests the model for the development of pancreaticobiliary disease considering human understanding.
Autoimmune Diseases ; Humans* ; Internal Medicine ; Recurrence ; Virtues

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and organizational personality types (OPT) perceived by public health center workers and to analyze differences in perceptions according to organizational characteristics. METHODS: The subjects of this study were workers at 12 of the 22 public health centers in Chonnam Province, South Korea. To measure organizational characteristics, we employed the OPT Index and OCBs Index. Data were collected for one month, from 15 September to 14 October 2009. Data for 422 workers were used in the final analysis. Descriptive statistics and t tests were performed as appropriate, utilizing SPSS/WIN 14. RESULTS: Among 16 types of OPT, ESTJ, ISTJ and ESTP were the most prevalent for the 12 public health centers. The average weight of OCBs was 4.77, and courtesy and civic virtue held the first and the second ranks among OCBs, respectively. Statistically significant differences between types of OPT were detected, in that T type was gender (p=.007) while J type was age (p=.010), education (p=.043) and career (p=.000). Statistically significant differences between OCBs were found in age, education and career. CONCLUSION: Public health centers should have programs to innovate OPT and to improve OCB. The development of such programs should consider characteristics of public health center workers such as age, gender, education and career.
Korea ; Public Health ; Republic of Korea ; Virtues

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of workplace spirituality and organizational citizenship behavior on nurses' performance of nursing. METHODS: This study was done over a 6 month period, with 395 nurses participants from 5 different general hospitals with 400 beds in 4 regions of Korea. Data were gathered using self-reported questionnaires from July 23 to August 21, 2015. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analyses with IBM SPSS 21.0 program. RESULTS: Nursing performance showed positive correlations with workplace spirituality and organizational citizenship behavior. The significant predictors of the nursing performance by nurses were a master's degree or higher (β=.26), civic virtue (β=.19), courtesy (β=.12), 40 years of age or older (β=.09), a sense of empathy (β=.07), and a bachelor's degree in nursing (β=.06). These variables explained 39.2% of the variance in nursing performance by nurses. CONCLUSION: Based on the outcomes of this study, there is a need to develop intervention programs that can inspire nurse to show spontaneous organizational citizenship behavior, and enhance their workplace spirituality. Related variables including academic credentials should also be taken into account.
Empathy ; Employee Performance Appraisal ; Hospitals, General ; Korea ; Nursing* ; Spirituality* ; Virtues

PURPOSE: This descriptive study was done to identify effects of perceived organizational support (POS) on job involvement and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in hospital nurses. METHODS: Data were collected from Oct. 1 to Nov. 15, 2011. Participants in this study were 324 nurses working in 6 general hospitals in S, K, and C cities. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression. RESULTS: POS was positively correlated with job involvement, and OCB (altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, sportsmanship and civic virtue). Factors influencing job involvement were POS and marital status, which accounted for 15.7% of the variance, marital status influenced altruism, which accounted for 4% of the variance, POS influenced conscientiousness, which accounted for 10% of the variance, religion and marital status influenced courtesy, which accounted for 6.5% of the variance, age influenced sportsmanship, which accounted for 7.9% of the variance, and POS and clinical career influenced civic virtue, which accounted for 23.1% of the variance. Job involvement mediated on the relation between perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behavior. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that hospital administrators should explore ways of improve POS for better job involvement, conscientiousness, and civic virtue.
Altruism ; Hospital Administrators ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Virtues

BACKGROUND: Colchicine with its immunosupressive properties has been used with beneficial effects in autoimmune disease, such as Gout, etc. Whether colchicine, by virtue of the above property, could attenuate the process of cardiac allograft rejection in the rats is investigated in this report. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We compared the untreated group (Control, n=6), Cyclosporin A group (10 mg/kg, daily, n=20), and Colchicine derivative group (Colchicine 40 microgram/kg, n=20) of cardiac allografts in the rats. RESULT: In the untreated control group (n=6), all of 6 rats showed rejection within 3 weeks after cardiac allograft. In the cyclosporin A group (n=20), cyclosporin A (10 mg daily oral dose) was administered at a 10 mg daily oral dose and promoted long-term survival (over 100 days). The cyclosporin A group had one mortality at the 18th post-operative day due to infection. Furthermore, in the Colchicine derivatives group (n=20) with a daily IP (Intra Peritoneum) dose (40 ug/kg/day), we observed long-term survival.(>100 days), except for one rat that died of an anesthetic problem (respiratory failure) at the 9th post-operative day. CONCLUSION: Experiments have also been performed to evaluate whether the effect of colchicine derivatives allowed prolonged survival of cardiac allografts compared with the cyclosporin A administration group in the rats.
Allografts* ; Animals ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Colchicine* ; Cyclosporine ; Gout ; Mortality ; Rats* ; Virtues

Melanotrichoblastoma is a variant of pigmented trichoblastoma that shows highly pigmented epithelial lobules and differentiation toward the hair bulb. Histologically, the tumor presents features of trichoblastoma, and the histological findings are remarkable by virtue of the heavy melanin deposits found within and around the tumor cell nests. For the immunohistochemistry, abundant dendritic melanocytes (with the expressions of S100 protein, tyrosinase and most importantly, gp100/HMB45) are found within the tumor masses. We report here on a rare case of melanotrichoblastoma in a 57 year-old female patient.
Female ; Hair ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Melanins ; Melanocytes ; Monophenol Monooxygenase ; Virtues

Trichogerminoma is a rare cutaneous adnexal tumor that dysplays differentiation toward the hair germ epithelium. This tumor was first described by Sau et al. in 1992 and it is characterized by densely packed round nests or cell balls resembling hair bulbs. Herein, we report on a deeply pigmented and sharply circumscribed nodular tumor that was excised on the abdomen of a 48-year-old woman. Histologically the tumor involved both dermis and subcutis without any epidermal connection. The main nodule was subdivided into the smaller lobules by fibrous stroma. The lobules were composed of masses of basaloid cells that displayed peripheral palisading. Within the lobules, the basaloid cells formed numerous cell balls. The tumor presented the characteristic features of trichogerminoma. Interestingly, our case was the pigmented type, which was remarkable by virtue of the heavy melanin deposits found within and around the tumor nests. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of pigmented trichogerminoma that has been reported worldwide.
Abdomen ; Dermis ; Epithelium ; Female ; Hair ; Humans ; Melanins ; Middle Aged ; Virtues