OBJECTIVETo study the correlation between high-resolution HLA-A * 1101, HLA-A * 0201, HLA-A * 2402, HLA-B * 4001, HLA-DRB1 * 0901 with HCMV pp65 antigenemia after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in China.

METHODS48 recipients doing BMT during 2009. 2-2010. 10 were selected in my hospital; HCMV pp65 was detected by ELISA or immunohistochemical methods. The frequency of HLA-A * 1101, HLA-A * 0201, HLA-A * 2402, HLA-B * 4001, HLA-DRB1 * 0901 alleles were determined by Polymerase chain reaction-sequence based typing (PCR - SBT).

RESULTS(1) The BMT recipients were HCMV pp65 antigenic positive(100%); (2) The positive rate of HLA-A * 1101, HLA-A * 0201, HLA-A * 2402, HLA-B * 4001 showed no obvious difference between 12 lower antigenemia group and 36 higher antigenemia group, the positive rate: HLA-A * 1101 were 33.3% (8/24) and 20.8% (15/72), HLA-A * 0201 were 4.2% (1/24) and 13.9% (10/72), HLA-A * 2402 were 12.5% (3/24) and 19.4% (14/72), HLA-B* 4001 were 16.7% (4/24) and 12.5% (9/72); (3) HLA-DRB1 * 0901 positive rate in higher antigenemia group was higher than the lower (P = 0.048), the positive rate were 4.2% (1/24) and 19.4% (14/72); (4) HLA-DRB1 * 0901 recipients were higher pp65 antigenemia than HLA-A * 2402 recipients (P = 0.007) and HLA-A * 1101 recipients (P = 0.028), HLA-A * 0201 recipients were higher pp65 antigenemia than HLA-A * 2402 (P = 0.02), the pp65 antigenemia showed no obvious difference among the rest of high-resolution HLA groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONHLA-DRB1 * 0901 alleles might be correlated with BMT recipients happened higher pp65 antigenemia, HLA-A * 2402 alleles might be correlated with BMT recipients happened lower pp65 antigenemia.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; adverse effects ; Cytomegalovirus Infections ; immunology ; Female ; HLA Antigens ; genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phosphoproteins ; blood ; Viral Matrix Proteins ; blood ; Viremia ; immunology

Low-level viremia (LLV) was defined as persistent or intermittent episodes of detectable hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA (<2000 IU/mL, detection limit of 10 IU/mL) after 48 weeks of antiviral treatment. Effective antiviral therapies for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, such as entecavir (ETV), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), have been shown to inhibit the replication of HBV DNA and prevent liver-related complications. However, even with long-term antiviral therapy, there are still a number of patients with persistent or intermittent LLV. At present, the research on LLV to address whether adversely affect the clinical outcome is limited, and the follow-up treatment for these patients is open to question. At the same time, the mechanism of LLV is not clear. In this review, we summarize the incidence of LLV, the association between LLV and long-term outcomes, possible mechanisms, and management strategies in these patient populations.
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use* ; DNA, Viral ; Hepatitis B virus/genetics* ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy* ; Humans ; Nucleosides/therapeutic use* ; Tenofovir/therapeutic use* ; Treatment Outcome ; Viremia/drug therapy*

Objective: To determine the optimal cutoff value of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA load that can assist in the diagnosis of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) . Methods: The data of patients with EBV infection after haplo-HSCT from January to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Through constructing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calculating the Youden index to determine the cutoff value of EBV-DNA load and its duration of diagnostic significance for PTLD. Results: A total of 94 patients were included, of whom 20 (21.3% ) developed PTLD, with a median onset time of 56 (40-309) d after transplantation. The median EBV value at the time of diagnosis of PTLD was 70,400 (1,710-1,370,000) copies/ml, and the median duration of EBV viremia was 23.5 (4-490) d. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the peak EBV-DNA load (the EBV-DNA load at the time of diagnosis in the PTLD group) and duration of EBV viremia between the PTLD and non-PTLD groups. The results showed that the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.018 and P=0.001) . The ROC curve was constructed to calculate the Youden index, and it was concluded that the EBV-DNA load ≥ 41 850 copies/ml after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation had diagnostic significance for PTLD (AUC=0.847) , and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.611 and 0.932, respectively. The duration of EBV viremia of ≥20.5 d had diagnostic significance for PTLD (AUC=0.833) , with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.778 and 0.795, respectively. Conclusion: Dynamic monitoring of EBV load in high-risk patients with PTLD after haplo-HSCT and attention to its duration have important clinical significance, which can help clinically predict the occurrence of PTLD in advance and take early intervention measures.
Humans ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/diagnosis* ; Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics* ; Retrospective Studies ; Viremia ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects* ; Lymphoproliferative Disorders/etiology* ; DNA, Viral ; Viral Load

OBJECTIVETo review the recent literatures related to the factors associated with the size of the HIV reservoir and their clinical significance.

DATA SOURCESLiteratures related to the size of HIV DNA was collected from PubMed published from 1999 to June 2016.

STUDY SELECTIONAll relevant articles on the HIV DNA and reservoir were collected and reviewed, with no limitation of study design.

RESULTSThe composition and development of the HIV-1 DNA reservoir in either treated or untreated patients is determined by integrated mechanism comprising viral characteristics, immune system, and treatment strategies. The HIV DNA reservoir is a combination of latency and activity. The residual viremia from the stochastic activation of the reservoir acts as the fuse, continuing to stimulate the immune system to maintain the activated microenvironment for the rebound of competent virus once treatment with antiretroviral therapy is discontinued.

CONCLUSIONThe size of the HIV-1 DNA pool and its composition has great significance in clinical treatment and disease progression.

Anti-HIV Agents ; therapeutic use ; DNA, Viral ; genetics ; Female ; HIV Infections ; drug therapy ; genetics ; HIV-1 ; drug effects ; genetics ; pathogenicity ; Humans ; Male ; Viral Load ; drug effects ; genetics ; Viremia ; drug therapy ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of recombinant beta-defensin 2 (BD-2) on the apoptosis of pulmonary tissue in rats with sepsis.

METHODSForty-eight SD rats were randomly divided into defensin group and controls. In control group 24 rats received 10(7)PFU adenovirus via trachea intubation. In defensin group 24 rats received 10(7)PFU recombinant adenovirus carrying all expression cassette of rat BD-2 (Ad-rBD2). All rats received cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce sepsis 48 h following the administration of adenovirus. Rats of both groups were sacrificed at 0, 12, 36 and 72 h after CLP; lungs were removed and fixed for Haematoxylin and Eosin (HE) stain. Apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique.

RESULTThe apoptosis index (AI) of lung cells increased significantly following CLP in control group,while it was significantly lower in defensin group than that of control group (P<0.05). In addition, a significant alveolar damage, interstitial edema, and infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed in control lungs, while it was less severe in defensin group.

CONCLUSIONRecombinant beta-defensin 2 may reduce the apoptosis of lung cells and attenuate lung injury.

Adenoviridae ; genetics ; growth & development ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; genetics ; physiology ; Genetic Therapy ; methods ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Lung Diseases ; pathology ; therapy ; virology ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; genetics ; physiology ; Viremia ; therapy ; virology ; beta-Defensins ; genetics ; physiology

We have shown previously that a Semliki Forest virus (SFV) replicon vectored DNA vaccine (pSFV1CS-E2) expressing the E2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) conferred full protection for pigs immunized three times with 600 microg of the vaccine. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the DNA vaccine with lower dosage and fewer inoculations. Pigs were immunized twice with 100 microg pSFV1CS-E2 (n = 5) or control plasmid pSFV1CS (n = 3), respectively. Pigs immunized with pSFV1CS-E2 developed high titers of specific neutralizing antibodies against CSFV after the booster, and the antibody titers increased rapidly upon challenge. The immunized animals showed no clinical symptoms except short-term fever and low-level viremia, whereas the control pigs immunized with the control plasmid produced no detectable antibody before challenge and showed obvious clinical signs following challenge, and 2 pigs died on 10 or 11 days post-challenge. All control animals developed extended viremia as detected by nested RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR. Severe pathologic lesions typical of CSFV infection were observed at necropsy. We conclude that the alphavirus replicon-vectored DNA-based vaccine can be potential marker vaccine against CSFV.
Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; blood ; immunology ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; immunology ; Body Temperature ; immunology ; Classical Swine Fever ; blood ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Classical swine fever virus ; genetics ; immunology ; Genetic Vectors ; genetics ; Immunization ; Plasmids ; genetics ; Replicon ; genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Semliki forest virus ; genetics ; Swine ; virology ; Time Factors ; Vaccines, DNA ; administration & dosage ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Viremia ; genetics ; immunology

BACKGROUNDTo determine the relationship between diversity of hepatitis C virus quasispecies and viremia, activity of liver disease and response to interferon therapy.

METHODSHCV quasispecies heterogeneity in 68 patients with chronic hepatitis C were detected by single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the HCV E2 hypervaribale region 1 (HVR1); of these, 48 were subsequently treated with interferon-alpha for 6 months.

RESULTSHVR1 was amplified in 61 patients. The average number of SSCP bands was 6.2+/-2.4. Quasispecies heterogeneity significantly correlated with serum HCV RNA levels (P<0.01), but not with serum ALT, AST levels and histological activity index (P>0.05). Of the patients who received interferon therapy, 43 were HVR1 positive. Patients who gained sustained response (n=11) had lower pre-treatement quasispecies heterogeneity (3.3+/-1.2) compared to those who had complete end-of-treatment response (ETR) with relapse (6.3+/-2.2, n=12, P<0.5) or no response (8.0+/-3.3, n=20, P<0.01). At the end of treatment, HVR1 could still be detected in 16 patients. The number of quasispecies heterogeneity in these patients decreased to 3.4+/-1.2, which was significantly lower than that in the patients who didn't receive interferon therapy (6.8+/-2.5, P<0.01). Of these 16 patients, 10 had change in quasispecies patterns.

CONCLUSIONSIncreased quasispecies heterogeneity can cause high HCV viremia, but it is not related to severity of liver disease. Quasispecies heterogeneity is another marker to predict the response to interferon-alpha in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Antiviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Genetic Heterogeneity ; Hepacivirus ; drug effects ; genetics ; Hepatitis C, Chronic ; drug therapy ; virology ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; RNA, Viral ; blood ; Viremia ; virology

OBJECTIVETo study the incidence of viraemia and extraintestinal organ damage in children with acute rotavirus (RV) gastroenteritis.

METHODSEighty-three children with acute rotavirus gastroenteritis were hospitalized from October 2002 to March 2003, whose blood and fecal samples were obtained on admission. Rotavirus RNA (encoding the VP7 outer capsid protein) were detected in blood and fecal samples by nest reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). According to the result of blood RV-RNA, the patients were divided into RV-RNA positive group and RV-RNA negative group. The differences between these two groups in the severity of gastroenteritis and extraintestinal organ damage were analyzed.

RESULTSEighty-two of 83 stool samples from the children with rotavirus infection were positive for rotavirus RNA. Sixteen of 83 blood samples were positive for rotavirus RNA with a positive rate of 19.3%. The nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNAs, resembling part of the VP7 gene, was identical from paired blood and fecal samples. There were no significant differences between blood RV-RNA positive group and blood RV-RNA negative group in the rate and degree of fever, diarrhea, dehydration, metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia and myocardial damage (P>0.05); while the incidences of liver damage, rash, lower respiratory tract infection and the central nervous system involvement in the blood RV-RNA positive group were significantly higher than those in the blood RV-RNA negative group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONViraemia is present in the children with acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. Viraemia might be an important mechanism by which rotavirus spread to the extraintestinal sites resulting in organs damage.

Base Sequence ; Enteritis ; virology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Myocarditis ; virology ; Pneumonia ; virology ; Prospective Studies ; Rotavirus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections ; virology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Viremia ; virology

To determine the prevalence and clinical relevance of HGV infection in dialysis patients, we performed a cross-sectional study of 61 HD patients and 79 Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) patients. HGV-RNA was identified by reverse-transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with primers from the 5'-untranslated region of the viral genome. The prevalence of HGV infection was similar in HD and CAPD patients (9.8% vs. 12.7%), while that of HCV infection was significantly higher in HD patients compared to CAPD patients (16.4% vs. 1.3%, p < 0.05). The mean age (49.2 +/- 13.4 vs. 46.7 +/- 13.0 years), male to female ratio (2.4:1 vs. 1.3:1), history of transfusion (62.3% vs. 49.4%), history of hepatitis (27.9% vs. 26.6%), mean ALT level during the previous 6 months (22.4 +/- 37.9 vs. 14.0 +/- 7.4 IU/L), and the prevalence of HBsAg (8.2% vs. 6.3%) showed no difference between HD and CAPD patients. In both HD and CAPD patients, the presence of HGV RNA was not related to age, sex, duration of dialysis, history of transfusion, history of hepatitis, or to the presence of HBV or HCV markers. There was no significant difference in the clinical and biochemical data between patients with isolated HGV infection (n = 12) and patients without viremia (n = 106). The clinical feature of patients coinfected with HGV and HBV (n = 2), or HGV and HCV (n = 2) seemed to be similar to those of patients with isolated HBV (n = 8) or HCV (n = 9) infection. In conclusion, the prevalence of HGV infection was not different between HD and CAPD patients, and HGV infections did not seem to be associated with clinically significant hepatitis. The routes of HGV transmission, other than transfusion or contamination during HD procedure, were suspected.
Female ; Hepatitis Agents, GB*/genetics ; Hepatitis C/genetics ; Hepatitis C-Like Viruses/genetics ; Hepatitis, Viral, Human/virology ; Hepatitis, Viral, Human/genetics ; Hepatitis, Viral, Human/etiology* ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory/adverse effects* ; Prevalence ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Renal Dialysis/adverse effects* ; Viremia/genetics

The 23 open reading frame (ORF) 5 sequences of Korean type II porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) were collected from viremic sera from the (modified live vaccine) MLV-vaccinating and non-vaccinating farms from 2007 to 2008. The samples were phylogenetically analyzed with previous ORF5 sequences, including type I Korean PRRSV, and previously reported or collected sequences from 1997 to 2008. A MN184-like subgroup of type II Korean PRRSV was newly identified in the viremic sera collected from 2007 to 2008. And of the type I PRRSVs, one subgroup had 87.2~88.9% similarity with the Lelystad virus, showing a close relationship with the 27~2003 strain of Spain. The maximum parsimony tree of type II PRRSV from 1997 to 2008 showed that they had evolved to four lineages, subgroups 1, 2, 3 and 4. Most of the recently collected type II PRRSVs belonged to subgroup 4 (48%). The region of three B-cell epitopes and two T-cell epitopes of ORF5 amino acids sequences was considerably different from the MLV in subgroups 3 and 4. In conclusion, the existence of type I PRRSV, which was genetically different from Lelystad virus (Prototype of type I PRRSV), and heterologous type II PRRSVs of viremic pigs detected even in the MLV-vaccinating farms indicated the need for new vaccine approaches for the control of PRRSV in Korea.
Animals ; Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Korea ; *Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; Pilot Projects ; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/blood/genetics/immunology/*virology ; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/*genetics/immunology ; RNA, Viral/chemistry/genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Swine ; Viral Vaccines/immunology/standards ; Viremia/genetics/immunology/virology