Immunizations are among the most cost-effective and widely used public health interventions. This is a report on the revision of recommendations for immunization in children by the Korean Pediatric Society. The new classification system of immunization and the new definition of each category of immunization were introduced. Immunization and vaccines were divided into 4 groups: 1) vaccines that should be given to all infants and children (BCG, hepatitis B vaccine, DTaP, Td, polio vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, MMR, varicella vaccine, influenza vaccine [6~23 months of age], and H. influenzae type b vaccine), 2) those recommended to all infants and children, but the decision of administration can be made by parents (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, hepatitis A vaccine, influenza vaccine [healthy children > or = 24 months of age], rotavirus vaccine, and human papilloma virus vaccine), 3) those that should be given to high risk group (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine [high-risk patients > or = 24 months of age], influenza vaccine [high-risk patients > or = 24 months of age], and typhoid vaccine), and 4) those administered for the control of outbreaks or prevention of emerging infectious diseases (all the vaccines that are administered to infants and children can also be administered for the control of outbreaks or prevention of emerging infectious diseases). The immunization schedule recommended by the Korean Pediatric Society is presented. The new edition of the Korean guidelines for immunization in children including detailed descriptions of each vaccine will be published by the end of 2008.
Chickenpox Vaccine ; Child ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; Disease Outbreaks ; Encephalitis, Japanese ; Hepatitis A Vaccines ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunization Schedule ; Infant ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza, Human ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Papilloma ; Parents ; Poliomyelitis ; Public Health ; Rotavirus ; Typhoid Fever ; Vaccination ; Vaccines ; Viruses

HPV vaccination is the most effective way for preventing the cervical cancer. To respond the WHO calling for cervical cancer elimination, some Chinese provincial governments are launching the Free HPV Vaccination Programs for teenagers. Basing on the current stage of domestic utilization and the global immunization strategies of HPV vaccination, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the key aspects in the process of HPV vaccination, including subjects and priority vaccination population, vaccination dose and time interval, the principal of vaccination replacement, and the vaccination suggestion on special populations, etc. The article above contents and gives the advice on the immunization strategy of HPV vaccination in China.
AIDS Vaccines ; Adolescent ; BCG Vaccine ; China ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine ; Female ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Influenza Vaccines ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control* ; Papillomavirus Vaccines ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines ; SAIDS Vaccines ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Vaccination

Introduction: Children who develop any hypersensitivity reaction to eggs are routinely referred to hospital for Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccination as inpatients to prevent anaphylaxis. We aimed to study the association between hypersensitivity reactions after egg exposure and similar reactions after MMR immunisation; and examine the necessity of hospital admission for vaccination. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in Paediatric Department in Bukit Mertajam Hospital, Penang, between March and December 2014. Children referred from local polyclinics for inpatient MMR vaccination because of a history of egg allergy were recruited. The children were observed in the ward for post vaccination allergic reactions. Concurrently, a group of children without egg allergy was recruited from those admitted for other illnesses but had recent MMR vaccination at polyclinics. Parents of these children were interviewed and asked if they had observed any reactions post vaccination. In both groups, sociodemographics, medical history and family history of atopy were collected. Results: Eighty-seven subjects were recruited in this study. Fifty-four infants with egg allergy had previous mild allergic reactions after exposure to eggs or egg-related products. They were associated with a family history of egg hypersensitivity, personal history of acute gastroenteritis and upper respiratory tract infections. Two of them developed cutaneous rashes post vaccination during observation, but none developed anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions. Two infants among those without egg allergy had post vaccination fever. There was no association between egg allergy and hypersensitivity reactions to MMR vaccine (p=0.632). Conclusions: MMR vaccine can be safely administered to children with mild egg allergy, hence admission for vaccination in the hospital is not warranted. Risk stratification is required to ensure only infants with severe reactions will be admitted for vaccination.
Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine

Vaccination is defined as the introduction of vaccine into the body for the purpose of inducing immunity. Vaccine contain many antigens, e.g., active antigen in DTP, tissue culture fluid in the suspension of vaccine, aluminum complexes in MMR, preservatives, anti-infectives, and antibiotics which induce many allergic reactions. B.C.G vaccine induce specific and nonspecific dermatological complications on inoculation site or out of vaccination. DPT or TT vaccine induce infection site granuloma due to aluminum on inoculation site, angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia, and livedoid skin necrosis. Hepatitis B vaccine can induce many dermatological complications, e.g., urticaria and angioedema, erythema nodosum, systemic lupus erythematosus, lichen planus and thrombocytopenic purpura. Gianoti-Crosti syndrome is caused by MMR vaccine and influenza vaccine. Sweet's syndrome and acute exanthematous pustular dermatitis are developed after pnuemococcal vaccintation. Herpes zoster can be developed after chicken pox vaccination. Erythema and edema can be developed after injection of botulinum toxin. Benign and malignant tumor can be induced by various vaccination, too.
Aluminum ; Angioedema ; Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Botulinum Toxins ; Chickenpox ; Dermatitis ; Edema ; Erythema ; Erythema Nodosum ; Granuloma ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Herpes Zoster ; Hypersensitivity ; Influenza Vaccines ; Lichen Planus ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Necrosis ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic ; Skin ; Sweet Syndrome ; Urticaria ; Vaccination*

Varicella, which is mostly a benign disease, but also can cause considerable health burden in the community, can be prevented by immunization with live attenuated varicella vaccine. Higher uptake of varicella vaccine by universal immunization in North America has apparently been associated with decline in the number of reported cases of varicella, varicella-related hospitalizations, and the number of deaths caused by complications of varicella. On the contrary, there has been some reluctance in endorsing varicella vaccine for universal immunization in most of European countries. Concerns include unanticipated outbreaks of varicella among vaccine recipients, risk of varicella among unvaccinated adults, risk of herpes zoster among vaccinees as well as unvaccinees. Recently developed measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella combination vaccine and herpes zoster vaccine that may be licensed in the upcoming years may be the solution for varicella vaccine to be utilized in a greater scale. In Korea several varicella vaccine products have been utilized since late 1980. The adoption of varicella vaccine for universal immunization since 2005 along with the changing view in varicella prevention strategy mandates more studies for immunogenecity and efficacy of varicella vaccines as well as more surveillance to delineate the changes in epidemiology of varicella in Korea.
Adult ; Chickenpox Vaccine ; Chickenpox* ; Disease Outbreaks ; Epidemiology ; Herpes Zoster ; Herpes Zoster Vaccine ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Immunization ; Korea ; Measles ; Mumps ; North America ; Rubella ; Vaccination* ; Vaccines

BACKGROUND: Survivors of childhood cancers are recommended to receive revaccinations after chemotherapy, although the universally recommended vaccination schedule for such children has not been established. We evaluated immune response following post-chemotherapy vaccinations in childhood cancer survivors.METHODS: The study included 59 patients who survived at least 5 years after completion of chemotherapy without evidence of recurrence. The patients received hepatitis-B virus (HBV) and measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccines 1 year after finishing chemotherapy according to our institutional protocol. Immune response to HBV and MMR vaccines was measured and seropositivity and factors hindering immune response to HBV and MMR vaccines were analyzed.RESULTS: The seropositivity for HBV was 88%; with a higher rate in patients with non-hematologic malignancies (100%, 18/18) than those with hematologic malignancies (78.3%, 18/23) (P=0.05) and reciprocally associated with the duration of chemotherapy (P=0.0043). The seropositivity for MMR viruses was 61%, 37% and 83% respectively, showing significantly lower response to mumps and was not different between hematologic malignancy group and non-hematologic malignancy group. Unlike HBV, the duration of chemotherapy did not affect seropositivity for MMR viruses. Ten children who failed to be immune to any of the MMR viruses received booster vaccination which resulted in seropositivity of 60% (3/5), 56% (4/9), 100% (2/2) respectively.CONCLUSION: Longer duration of chemotherapy and underlying hematologic malignancies were adversely associated with achieving immune response to HBV vaccine, but not to MMR vaccine. Our results also underline the need for booster vaccinations in non-responders to vaccinations post-chemotherapy.
Appointments and Schedules ; Child ; Drug Therapy ; Hematologic Neoplasms ; Hepatitis B virus ; Humans ; Immunization, Secondary ; Measles ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Mumps ; Recurrence ; Rubella ; Survivors ; Vaccination ; Vaccines

No abstract available.
Diploidy* ; Humans* ; Measles* ; Mumps* ; Rubella Vaccine* ; Rubella*

<b>OBJECTIVEb>To study the safety and immunogenicity of the measles-mumps-rubella combined vaccine (MMR) produced by Beijing Biological Product Institute.

<b>METHODSb>Children aged 10-12 years, 2-2.5 years and 8-12 months were selected to be vaccinated with Beijing MMR vaccine (test vaccine). Other groups of children with similar nature were vaccinated with measles vaccine, mumps vaccine and rubella vaccine while using imported MMR vaccine (control vaccine) as controls.

<b>RESULTSb>The safety of the Beijing MMR vaccine was confirmed after vaccinating 32 children above 2 years old. Among 104 children of 8-12 months were vaccinated with Beijing MMR vaccine, only 6.7% of the children had transient fever and 1.9% had signs of rashes but with no other signs observed. The positive seroconversion rates of measles, rubella and mumps anti-HI were 100%, 100% and 85.7% respectively. GMT also showed high lever.

<b>CONCLUSIONb>The MMR vaccine (Beijing) had good safety and immunogenicity which might be used to be the bases enhance immunization of measles.

Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Freeze Drying ; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ; Humans ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; adverse effects ; immunology ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; adverse effects ; immunology

Infectious diseases have historically resulted in suspended or cancelled military operations. Vaccination for disease prevention is a critical component of the military's force readiness doctrine. Until recently, Korea had not recognized the importance of vaccinating military personnel. However, a 2011 meningococcal disease outbreak at an army recruit training center led to dramatic changes in the paradigm of traditional medical practice in the Korean armed forces. A new vaccination policy was formed by a 2012 Military Healthcare Service Act. Since then, Neisseria meningitidis, hepatitis A, and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines have been routinely administered to all new recruits early in basic training to ensure protection against these diseases. All active-duty soldiers also receive seasonal influenza vaccination annually. Despite quantitative improvements in vaccination policies, several instances of major infectious diseases and adverse vaccine reactions have threatened soldier health. In the future, vaccination policies in the Korean armed forces should be based on epidemiologic data and military medical research for vaccine use and safety management.
Health Policy ; Hepatitis A Vaccines/immunology ; Humans ; Influenza Vaccines/immunology ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/immunology ; Meningococcal Vaccines/immunology ; *Military Personnel ; Republic of Korea ; *Vaccination

BACKGROUND: Although several methods have been attempted in the treatment of warts, the traditional destructive method may be painful or ineffective and induce disfiguring scars. Therefore, a more tolerable method with fewer drawbacks is needed. OBJECTIVE: We studied the therapeutic effect of intralesional immunotherapy using the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine and factors affecting it in patients with warts. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in 207 patients with various types of warts, who did not meet the exclusion criteria for treatment and were followed-up from January 2011 to December 2013. Patients with warts were treated at 2-week intervals, and the therapeutic effect was evaluated 1 month after the final treatment. RESULTS: Overall, 123 (59.5%) patients experienced a greater than half reduction in the size and number of warts. In addition, younger patients (under the age of 20) (p=0.008) and those with common warts (including periungual warts) (p=0.02) showed significantly higher treatment responses. All patients complained of transient mild pain during the intralesional injections, but other side effects were rarely observed. Only 3.2% of patients who experienced a complete response had a recurrence more than 6 months after the final treatment. CONCLUSION: We suggest that intralesional immunotherapy with MMR vaccine can be considered as a primary remedy for patients who are sensitive to pain, especially children with multiple lesions, are concerned about serious side effects, or have common warts, and that treatment response will be improved by increasing the number of applications.
Child ; Cicatrix ; Humans ; Immunotherapy* ; Injections, Intralesional ; Measles* ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Mumps* ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Rubella ; Rubella Vaccine* ; Warts*