Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was inactivated by two different chemicals--formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine (BEI). Formaldehyde was used at 0.1% and 0.2%, while BEI was used at concentrations of 0.001 and 0.002 mol/L. These four vaccines were tested for their efficiency in generating humoral immune response in different groups of broiler chicks. Both BEI-inactivated vaccines gave relatively higher antibody titers and were almost twice as efficient as formaldehyde-inactivated ones.
Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Aziridines ; pharmacology ; Chickens ; Formaldehyde ; pharmacology ; Infectious bursal disease virus ; immunology ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; immunology

In 1990, it was reported that the naked DNA encoding an antigen (so-called DNA vaccine) transduced directly into the muscle is able to induce immune responses just like antigen inoculation. Since then, a number of DNA vaccines against different diseases have been developed and shown to induce different levels of specific humoral and/or cell-mediated immunity. Efforts have been made to develop effective DNA vaccines against classical swine fever (CSF). This review covered the following aspects in the development and application of CSF DNA vaccines: construction and evaluation, application of adjuvants, combination with other vaccines and the existing problems and solutions.
Adjuvants, Immunologic ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Classical Swine Fever ; prevention & control ; Swine ; Vaccines, DNA ; biosynthesis ; immunology ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; biosynthesis ; immunology

The ability of a heat-inactivated whole virus from a highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus (hvIBDV) and VP2 protein from hvIBDV expressed in E. coli provided protection against a hvIBDV challenge in specificpathogen- free (SPF) chickens. Six out of seven chickens that were injected three times with crude VP2 protein developed significant antibody titer against IBDV. However, only four out of the seven chickens survived the hvIBDV challenge. Despite showing low antibody titer profiles, all chickens immunized with the heat-inactivated whole virus also survived the challenged with hvIBDV. However, all of these chickens had bursal atrophy and mild to moderate depletion of lymphocytes. Thus, antibodies raised against IBDV VP2 protein expressed in E. coli and denatured IBDV proteins induced some degree of protection against mortality but not against bursal damage following challenge with hvIBDV.
Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Birnaviridae Infections/immunology/prevention & control/*veterinary/virology ; Chickens ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Immunization/standards/*veterinary ; Infectious bursal disease virus/genetics/*immunology/pathogenicity ; Poultry Diseases/*immunology/prevention&control/virology ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics/*immunology ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology/pharmacology ; Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology/pharmacology ; Viral Structural Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics/*immunology ; Viral Vaccines/*immunology/pharmacology

The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of in ovo prime-boost vaccination against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) using a DNA vaccine to prime in ovo followed by a killed-vaccine boost post hatching. In addition, the adjuvant effects of plasmid-encoded chicken interleukin-2 and chicken interferon-gamma were tested in conjunction with the vaccine. A plasmid DNA vaccine (pcDNA-VP243) encoding the VP2, VP4, and VP3 proteins of the very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) SH/92 strain was injected into the amniotic sac alone or in combination with a plasmid encoding chicken IL-2 (ChIL-2) or chicken IFN-gamma (ChIFN-gamma) at embryonation day 18, followed by an intramuscular injection of a commercial killed IBD vaccine at 1 week of age. The chickens were orally challenged with the vvIBDV SH/92 strain at 3 weeks of age and observed for 10 days. In ovo DNA immunization followed by a killed-vaccine boost provided significantly better immunity than the other options. No mortality was observed in this group after a challenge with the vvIBDV. The prime-boost strategy was moderately effective against bursal damage, which was measured by the bursa weight/body weight ratio, the presence of IBDV RNA, and the bursal lesion score. In ovo DNA vaccination with no boost did not provide sufficient immunity, and the addition of ChIL-2 or ChIFN-gamma did not enhance protective immunity. In the ConA-induced lymphocyte proliferation assay of peripheral blood lymphocyte collected 10 days post-challenge, there was greater proliferation responses in the DNA vaccine plus boost and DNA vaccine with ChIL-2 plus boost groups compared to the other groups. These findings suggest that priming with DNA vaccine and boosting with killed vaccine is an effective strategy for protecting chickens against vvIBDV.
Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Birnaviridae Infections/immunology/prevention & control/*veterinary/virology ; Body Weight/immunology ; Bursa of Fabricius/immunology ; Chick Embryo ; *Chickens ; Histocytochemistry/veterinary ; Immunization/*veterinary ; Infectious bursal disease virus/genetics/*immunology ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology ; Interleukin-2/pharmacology ; Organ Size/immunology ; Poultry Diseases/immunology/*prevention & control/virology ; RNA, Viral/chemistry/genetics ; Random Allocation ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Vaccines, DNA/*administration & dosage/immunology ; Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage/immunology ; Viral Vaccines/*administration & dosage/immunology

Cholera toxin, which has been frequently used as mucosal adjuvant, leads to an irreversible activation of adenylyl cyclase, thereby accumulating cAMP in target cells. Here, it was assumed that beta2-adrenergic agonist salbutamol may have modulatory functions of immunity induced by DNA vaccine, since beta2-adrenergic agonists induce a temporary cAMP accumulation. To test this assumption, the present study evaluated the modulatory functions of salbutamol co-administered with DNA vaccine expressing gB of herpes simplex virus (HSV) via intranasal (i.n.) route. We found that the i.n. co-administration of salbutamol enhanced gB-specific IgG and IgA responses in both systemic and mucosal tissues, but optimal dosages of co-administered salbutamol were required to induce maximal immune responses. Moreover, the mucosal co-delivery of salbutamol with HSV DNA vaccine induced Th2-biased immunity against HSV antigen, as evidenced by IgG isotypes and Th1/Th2-type cytokine production. The enhanced immune responses caused by co-administration of salbutamol provided effective and rapid responses to HSV mucosal challenge, thereby conferring prolonged survival and reduced inflammation against viral infection. Therefore, these results suggest that salbutamol may be an attractive adjuvant for mucosal genetic transfer of DNA vaccine.
Adjuvants, Immunologic/*pharmacology ; Adrenergic beta-Agonists/immunology/*pharmacology ; Albuterol/immunology/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Cytokines/immunology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic ; Herpes Simplex/immunology/*prevention & control ; Herpes Simplex Virus Vaccines ; Immunity, Mucosal/*drug effects/immunology ; Immunoglobulin A/immunology ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Mice ; Simplexvirus/*immunology ; Th1 Cells/immunology ; Th2 Cells/immunology ; Vaccines, DNA/*immunology/pharmacology ; Vero Cells ; Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology

To determine the immune responses in pigs to hog cholera virus after treatment with an ionized alkali mineral complex (IAMC), 40 healthy pigs (28-32 days old) from a commercial swine farm were purchased and housed into 4 groups (n=10 each). All pigs were vaccinated intramuscularly (1 ml) with an attenuated live hog cholera virus (HCV, LOM strain) at 28-32 days old and challenged with a virulent hog cholera virus at 8 weeks after vaccination. Each group was treated with PowerFeelTM sprayed diet as 0.05% (w/w) in a final concentration (T-1, n=10), a diet mixed with SuperFeedTM as 3% (w/w) in a final concentration (T-2, n=10), or a diluted PowerFeelTM solution (1:500, v/v) as drinking water (T-3, n=10), respectively. A group (n=10) served as a non-treated control. Proportions of expressing CD2+ and CD8+ cells increased significantly (p<, 0.05) at 8-week post-application. Mean antibody titers of each group against HCV gradually increased to higher levels after vaccination and with challenge of the virulent virus. In conclusion, the IAMC-treated diets can be helpful for the improvement of growth in pigs with proper vaccination program, while the IAMC-treated diets have no effects on the clinical protection against hog cholera.
Alkalies/immunology/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Classical Swine Fever/*immunology/prevention & control ; Classical swine fever virus/*immunology ; Flow Cytometry/veterinary ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/veterinary ; HLA Antigens/immunology ; Minerals/immunology/*pharmacology ; Swine ; Vaccination/*veterinary ; Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology ; Viral Vaccines/*immunology

We investigated the enhanced immune response of a recombinant T cell immunogen as an effective cellular immune adjuvant. The T cell immunogen named TI contained several T cell epitopes from the VP1, VP4, 3A and 3D proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and two pan-T helper (T(H)) cell sites to broaden the immunogenicity of the protein. Meanwhile, another fusion protein named OA-VP1 was expressed in bacteria, which contained two VP1 proteins of O and Asia1 type FMDV. Mice were vaccinated with commercially inactivated vaccine or OA-VP1 protein with or without the TI immunogen. The results show that mice inoculated with inactivated vaccine or OA-VP1 protein supplemented with TI immunogen produced significantly higher level of neutralizing antibodies (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) than the mice only inoculated with inactivated vaccine or OA-VP1 protein by microneutralization assay. An obvious increase in T cell number by flow cytometric analysis and significantly higher concentration of IFN-gamma secreted in culture media of spleen lymphocytes were observed in groups supplemented with TI immunogen (P < 0.01). TI immunogen was an effective stimulator for humoral and cellular immunity and could help improve the immunogenicity of inactivated vaccine or protein subunit vaccine.
Adjuvants, Immunologic ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Capsid Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte ; genetics ; immunology ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease ; immunology ; prevention & control ; virology ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus ; immunology ; Immunization ; Mice ; Viral Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology ; pharmacology

We studied the immunogenicity of pseudorabies virus gC DNA vaccination by fusing the murine complement C3d receptor binding domain. First, pseudorabies virus gC gene was linked to four copies of C3d receptor binding domain (M284), and then cloned into the vector pcDNA3.1 to construct the recombinant plasmid sgC-M284. Through the experiment of immunized BALB/c mice, we found that the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody titer for sgC-M284 was 17-fold higher than that for sgC alone, and protective rate of mice was augmented from 25% to 88% after lethal dose PrV (316 LD50) challenge. In addition, the IL-4 levels for sgC-M284 immunization approached that for the pseudorabies virus inactivated vaccine. In conclusion, we demonstrated murine C3d receptor binding domain fusion significantly increased Th2-biased immune response by inducing IL-4 production.
Adjuvants, Immunologic ; physiology ; Animals ; Antibody Formation ; immunology ; Binding Sites ; Cloning, Molecular ; Complement C3d ; genetics ; immunology ; Herpesvirus 1, Suid ; genetics ; immunology ; Interleukin-4 ; immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Pseudorabies Vaccines ; immunology ; Receptors, Complement 3d ; genetics ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; immunology ; Swine ; Vaccines, DNA ; immunology ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; pharmacology ; Viral Fusion Proteins ; immunology

This study aims to investigate the characteristics of genomic variation of pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus isolated in Fujian Province, China. Complete genome sequence analysis was performed on 14 strains of pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus isolated from Fujian during 2009-2012. All virus strains were typical low-pathogenic influenza viruses, with resistance to amantadine and sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitors. Eight genome fragments of all strains were closely related to those of A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) vaccine strain, with > or = 98.2% homology. Compared with the vaccine strain, the influenza strains from Fujian had relatively large variation, and variation was identified at 11 amino acid sites of the HA gene of A/Fujiangulou/SWL1155/2012 strain, including 4 sites (H138R, L161I, S185T, and S203T) involved inthree antigen determinants (Ca, Sa, and Sb). In conclusion, the influenza vaccine has a satisfactory protective effect on Fujian population, but the influenza strains from Fujian in 2012 has antigenic drift compared with the vaccine strain, more attention should therefore be paid to the surveillance of mutations of pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus.
Antiviral Agents ; pharmacology ; China ; epidemiology ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; genetics ; Genome, Viral ; genetics ; Genomics ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; drug effects ; genetics ; immunology ; physiology ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Pandemics ; prevention & control ; Viral Vaccines ; immunology

Currently, killed-virus and modified-live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccines are used to control porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. However, both types of vaccines have inherent drawbacks; accordingly, the development of novel PRRSV vaccines is urgently needed. Previous studies have suggested that yeast possesses adjuvant activities, and it has been used as an expression vehicle to elicit immune responses to foreign antigens. In this report, recombinant Kluyveromyces lactis expressing GP5 of HP-PRRSV (Yeast-GP5) was generated and immune responses to this construct were analyzed in mice. Intestinal mucosal PRRSV-specific sIgA antibody and higher levels of IFN-gamma in spleen CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were induced by oral administration of Yeast-GP5. Additionally, Yeast-GP5 administered subcutaneously evoked vigorous cell-mediated immunity, and PRRSV-specific lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion were detected in the splenocytes of mice. These results suggest that Yeast-GP5 has the potential for use as a vaccine for PRRSV in the future.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/*immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology/virology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; *Immunity, Cellular ; *Immunity, Mucosal ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Kluyveromyces/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/*immunology ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/virology ; Viral Envelope Proteins/*genetics/*immunology ; Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage/*pharmacology