110 seaman in Hai Phong were infected Engerise B vaccine Good immune response through antibody responsivity effect was reached. For the first injectiong, the responsivity in 72,73% of cases, GMT altained to 135,5 mIU/ml; for the 2nd and the 3 rd injections, the respective values were 81,82%, 94,55% and 327,2 mIU/ml, 680,5 mIU/ml, with p>0,05 and p< 0,001. Topic and systemic side effect rates were very low.
Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Viral Hepatitis Vaccines ; Male

Development of a vaccine that can simultaneously induce effective mucosal immunity and systemic immunity is an ideal goal to prevent mucosal pathogenic infections. The digestive tract has many sites for inducing mucosal immunity, including the mouth, stomach and small intestine. An ideal oral viral vaccine can not only induce better local and distal mucosal immunity, but also produce better systemic immunity. The oral viral vaccine has also attracted much attention because of its painless vaccination, self-administration and other advantages. Due to the complexity of human digestive tract environment and mucosal immunity, only three oral attenuated live vaccines have been successfully marketed for human use. This review summarizes the characteristics of gastrointestinal mucosal immunity, the current types and research status of oral viral vaccines, and the challenges faced by oral viral vaccines, with the hope to facilitate the research and development of oral viral vaccines for human use in China.
Humans ; Viral Vaccines ; Vaccination ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; Vaccine Development

Humans ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; COVID-19/prevention & control* ; Vaccination ; Viral Vaccines ; Immunity ; Antibodies, Viral

To evaluate immune efficacy of the recombinant Lactobacillus casei, we constructed pLA-Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-F/L. casei and obtained the expression products. PCR amplified the NDV F gene carrying part of the major epitopes. The target gene was inserted to the shuttle plasmid pLA, and then transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) in order to screen positive recombinant plasmid. The positive recombinant plasmid was transformed into L. casei by electroporation to construct pLA-NDV-F/L. casei. The positive strains were identified by PCR. The reactivity of the recombinant bacteria was identified by Western blotting and the protein expression was detected by indirect immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and laser confocal microscopy. The 14-day-old chickens in each group were vaccinated by oral plus nose drops. The pLA-NDV-F/L. casei twice immunization group and three times immunization group, the commercial vaccine group, the pLA/L. casei group, the unchallenge PBS and the challenge PBS group were established. IgG in serum and sIgA in the lavage fluid of intestinal, nasal and lung were detected by ELISA. The protection rate of chickens was evaluated. The results showed that 94.10% of the recombinant bacteria expressed the F protein. The recombinant protein was highly expressed on the surface of L. casei with a protein size of 62 kDa, which specifically bound to anti-NDV serum. The levels of anti-F IgG and sIgA antibodies in each test group were significantly higher than those in the control groups. The duration of antibody in the pLA-NDV-F/L. casei three-time immunization group lasted 28 days longer than that in the twice immunized group, and there was no significant difference between antibody peak values. The attack protection rates in each group of immunized pLA-NDV-F/L. casei three times, twice, attenuated vaccine, pLA/L. casei and PBS were 80%, 80%, 90%, 0% and 0%, respectively. Therefore, the antigenic protein of NDV F was successfully expressed by L. casei expression system, which has of reactogenicity and immunogenicity, and could induce protective immune responses in chickens.
Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; Chickens ; Immunization ; Lactobacillus casei ; Newcastle disease virus ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; Viral Vaccines

With the development of vaccine research and development technologies, novel vaccines have been widely used in the prevention of various infectious diseases. Due to the excellent safety, novel vaccines have unique advantages in the application of vaccines against virulent pathogens. The major premise of developing novel vaccines is to screen protective antigens. With the development of various omics research, cutting-edge bioinformatics tools for eukaryotes have been well developed, while the much simpler structure of viruses compared with eukaryotic cells corresponds to relatively simple research methods. Strategies for screening protective antigens need to combine the advantages of both bioinformatics methods and traditional molecular biology methods. In this review, the strategies for screening virus protective antigens were discussed from the perspective of host and virus, and a series of bioinformatics tools developed based on eukaryotic cells that may be used for screening protective antigens were listed. This review also summarized the cases of using protective antigens to design novel vaccines, in order to better understand the strategies for screening virus protective antigens and facilitate the research and development of novel vaccines.
Antigens ; Antigens, Viral/genetics* ; Computational Biology ; Research ; Vaccines ; Viral Vaccines/genetics*

This study was undertaken to acquire some information concerning the mechanism for reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye by neutrophils. Male rabbits weighing more than 2 kilograms were used in this study. The vaccines. The vaccines utilized were bacterial and viral ones such as typhoid, cholera, measles, and mumps vaccines. The histochemical NBT test was carried out using the method by Park et al. With some modification. Vaccines were given the rabbits, and changes were observed in the percentage and number of pseudoeosinophils and NBT-positive pseudoeosils in the peripheral blood. The data obtained thus were discussed and summarized as follow:1. The percentage of the NBT-positive pseudoeosinophils increased in the rabbits to which the bacterial vaccines were given. 2. The percentage of NBT-positive pseudoeosinophils decreased in the rabbits to whick viral vaccines were given. 3. No association was found between the percentage of the NBT-positive pseudoeosinophils and the number of pseudodosinophils following the administeration.
Bacterial Vaccines ; Cholera ; Humans ; Male ; Measles ; Mumps ; Neutrophils ; Nitroblue Tetrazolium* ; Rabbits* ; Typhoid Fever ; Vaccines ; Viral Vaccines

The COVID-19 outbreak at the end of 2019 has accelerated the development and research for COVID-19 vaccines worldwide. Among the COVID-19 vaccines in clinical trials developed via different platforms, recombinant virus vector-based vaccines have shown excellent immunogenicity and efficacy. However, at the same time, there are serious issues such as vaccine safety and pre-existing antibodies against vectors. This article summarizes the design concept and development history of recombinant virus vector-based vaccines, and focuses on the progress in the clinical studies of vector-based COVID-19 vaccines as well as the challenges, in order to provide reference for the research of recombinant vector-based vaccines.
COVID-19/prevention & control* ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; Viral Vaccines

EV71 infection has become a serious public health threat especially among young children. Yet, at present, no specific antiviral drug against EV71 infection is available. A number of scientists are studying various kinds of vaccines, including inactivated vaccine, virus-like particle vaccine, DNA vaccine, synthetic peptide vaccines, and transgenic oral vaccine. This article reviews the recent advancement in the design of various kinds of vaccine against EV71 as well as their prospective usefulness, effectiveness, weakness and developments in the foreground.
Enterovirus A, Human ; immunology ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; immunology ; Vaccines, DNA ; immunology ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; immunology

In order to obtain virus-like particles (VLPs) for prevention of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), the C-E^rns-E1-E2 region was cloned into a pFastBacDaul vector for generating the recombinant Bacmid-BVDV-1 in DH10Bac Escherichia coli. The recombinant baculovirus Baculo-BVDV-1 was produced by transfecting the Sf9 cells with Bacmid-BVDV-1. The expressed protein and the assembled VLPs were determined by immunofluorescence, Western blotting and electron microscopy. Guinea pigs were immunized with inactivated VLPs coupled with the Montanide ISA-201 adjuvant. The immunogenicity of VLPs was evaluated by monitoring the humoral immune response with neutralizing antibody titer determination, as well as by analyzing the cell-mediated immune response with lymphocyte proliferation assay. The protective efficacy of VLPs was evaluated by challenging with 10⁶ TCID₅₀ virulent BVDV-1 strain AV69. The results showed that the recombinant Baculo-BVDV-1 efficiently expressed BVDV structural protein and form VLPs in infected Sf9 cells. The immunization of guinea pigs with VLPs resulted in a high titer (1:144) of neutralizing antibody, indicating an activated cellular immunity. Significantly lower viral RNA in the blood of the post-challenged immunized guinea pigs was observed. The successful preparation of BVDV VLPs with insect cell expression system and the observation of the associated immunogenicity may facilitate further development of a VLPs-based vaccine against BVD.
Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; Diarrhea ; Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral ; Guinea Pigs ; Mineral Oil ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; Viral Vaccines

Booster immunization is the following vaccination after a period of vaccine primary immunization schedule in order to maintain immunity against a certain pathogen. In this article, the immunological mechanism of booster immunization is elaborated, and the effectiveness and public health value of booster immunization for common vaccines is discussed. Subsequently, three hot issues of general concern in booster immunization are addressed, and the public health viewpoint that "Primary immunization of vaccines is fundamental, and booster immunization is the guarantee" is emphasized, so as to raise awareness of the importance and necessity of booster immunization as well as to provide scientific evidences for vaccine immunization practice.
Humans ; Immunization, Secondary ; Public Health ; Immunization Schedule ; Vaccination ; Viral Vaccines