Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell belonging to the family Violaceae, popularly known as Ratanpurus (Hindi) is a herb or a shrub distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In the Ayurvedic literature, the plant is reported to cure conditions of "Kapha" and "Pitta", urinary calculi, strangury, painful dysentery, vomiting, burning sensation, wandering of the mind, urethral discharge, blood trouble, asthma, epilepsy, cough, and to give tone to the breasts. Phytochemically, the plant contains a considerable amount of dipeptide alkaloids, aurantiamide acetate, isoarborinol, and β-sitosterol, sugars, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, phenols, flavones, catachins, tannins, anthraquinones and amino acids. Pharmacologically, the plant is reported to possess antidiabetic, antiplasmodial, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, nephroprotective, aphrodisiac, hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, aldose reductase inhibitory and free radical scavenging activities. The information provided in this review will be worthwhile to know the applicability of H. enneaspermus for the treatment of various acute or chronic diseases with a diverse nature of phytoconstituents. The overall data in this review article were collected from various scientific sources on the research of H. enneaspermus.
Animals ; Humans ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Violaceae ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the aldose reductase inhibitory (ARI) activity of different fractions of Hybanthus enneaspermus for potential use in diabetic cataract.

METHODSTotal phenol and flavonoid content of different fractions was determined. ARI activity of different fractions in rat lens was investigated in vitro.

RESULTSThe results showed significant level of phenolic and flavonoid content in ethyl acetate fraction [total phenol (212.15±0.79 mg/g), total flavonoid (39.11±2.27 mg/g)] and aqueous fraction [total phenol (140.62±0.57 mg/g), total flavonoid (26.07±1.49 mg/g)] as compared with the chloroform fraction [total phenol (68.56±0.51 mg/g), total flavonoid (13.41±0.82 mg/g)] and petrolium ether fraction [total phenol (36.68±0.43 mg/g), total flavonoid (11.55±1.06 mg/g)]. There was a significant difference in the ARI activity of each fraction, and it was found to be the highest in ethyl acetate fraction [IC50 (49.26±1.76 µg/mL)] followed by aqueous extract [IC50 (70.83±2.82 µg/mL)] and it was least in the petroleum ether fraction [IC50 (118.89±0.71 µg/mL)]. Chloroform fraction showed moderate activity [IC50 (98.52±1.80 µg/mL)].

CONCLUSIONSDifferent fractions showed significanct amount of ARI activity, where in ethyl acetate fraction it was found to be maximum which may be due to its high phenolic and flavonoid content. The extract after further evaluation may be used in the treatment of diabetic cataract.

Aldehyde Reductase ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Animals ; Cataract ; drug therapy ; prevention & control ; Diabetes Complications ; drug therapy ; prevention & control ; Diabetes Mellitus ; pathology ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; Lens, Crystalline ; enzymology ; Phenols ; analysis ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Violaceae ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of Viola tianshanica.

METHODCompounds were isolated by silica column, pharmadex LH-20 column and polyamide column, and their structures were elucidated by UV, IR, ESI-MS and NMR.

RESULTSix compounds were isolated and identified as daucosterol (1), kaempferol-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), kaempferol- 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), isorhamnetin-3-O-beta-glucoside (4), kaempferol (5) and quercetin (6).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 2-5 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Plant Extracts ; analysis ; Viola ; chemistry

Severe violet root rot occurred in a field of membranous milk vetch in Bonghwa, Korea, in October 2010. Two fungal isolates from the diseased plants were identified as Helicobasidium mompa based on their morphological, cultural, and molecular characteristics. This is the first report that H. mompa causes violet root rot on membranous milk vetch in Korea.
Astragalus Plant ; Korea ; Milk ; Viola

The following conclusions were drawn from this study. 1. The L* value in all experimental group was lesser than in control group. 2. The a* value was increased in most experimental group, but those of MDX4-4210 materials pigmented with Raw sinna and with Mars violet in group 3,4,5 were decreased. 3. The b* value in group 1,2,3 was decreased, but that in group 4,5 was increased. There was no statistical difference between control and most of group 3.4.5. 4. The deltaE* value was decreased in all experimental group except A-2186 material in group 4, and the changes of deltaE* value of MDX4-4210 materials pigmented with Red yellow and with Mars violet were great(over than 2.0). 5. The total amount of change of L* and a* value were greater in A-2186 silicone, but that of deltaE* was greater in MDX4-4210 silicone. 6. The total amount of change of L* value was greater in experimental group 4, that of a* was greater in group 1, and those of b* and deltaE* values were greater in group 2.
Dental Implants* ; Elastomers* ; Mars ; Prosthodontics* ; Silicones ; Viola

PURPOSE: Resonance Frequency Analysis(RFA) technique can be used as an effective method in measuring the implant stability and documenting the clinical results. This technique also determines how stable the implant is before performing a prosthetic practice. Having become one the guidelines of the implant therapy whose final objective is the immediate loading, the Osstell(TM) mentor is giving a lot of information to the clinicians recently. In this communication, experiments were performed to investigate how reliable the measured ISQ values by Osstell(TM) mentor are, and to see if those are also stable even after sterilization. As five objectives: 1) How stable measured ISQ values after fixation Smartpeg(TM)s for 400 times. 2) How stable measured ISQ values after 'attach-detach'Smartpeg(TM)s for 400 times. 3) How stable measured ISQ values after clinical sterilization methods. 4) How stable measured ISQ values after repeatedly sterilization in autoclave for 10 times. 5) What is the critical temperature which is lost the magnetism of Smartpeg(TM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical sterilization methods(Autoclave sterilization, Dentistar sterilization, Ultra violet sterilization, Vacuum dry unit sterilization, Boiling water sterilization, combined H(2)O(2) and Alcohol sterilization). Smartpeg(TM)s. D3 Block bone(3x9x2cm). Osstem implant(phi 4.1-10mm). Osstell(TM) mentor. Individual experiment was used 8 number of Smartpeg(TM)s and they had measured to ISQ values of before experiment and after experiment. RESULTS: 1. The measured ISQ values did not change after fixation Smartpeg(TM)s for 400 times. 2. There was no significant changes in the measured ISQ values of 'attach-detach Smartpeg(TM)s' for 400 times. 3. The measured ISQ values did not change after the usual clinical sterilization methods. 4. The measured ISQ values did not change after sterilization in autoclave for 10 times. 5. It was impossible to exactly measure the critical temperature which is lost the magnetism of Smartpeg(TM)s. But, the results was resulted to lost its magnetism in higher temperature than 150 degrees C/10 minute. CONCLUSION: The measured ISQ values showed insignificant differences in case of no changes in the magnetism of the Smartpeg(TM)s. It seems that the Smartpeg(TM)s can be used repeatedly in every measurement if the original magnetisms of the Smartpeg(TM)s can be recognized. There seems to be no significant changes in the measured ISQ values of 'attach-detach Smartpeg(TM)s' only if the screw pitches were unimpaired. The clinical sterilization methods seems acceptable because the result was resulted to lost its magnetism in higher temperature than 150 degrees C/10minute.
Humans ; Magnets ; Mentors ; Sterilization ; Vacuum ; Viola ; Water

PURPOSE: To evaluate the utility of preoperative nidus localization guided by computed tomography(CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the light of clinical, radiographic, and imaging findings, osteoid osteoma was suspected in all ten patients studied. An osteoid osteoma of the tibia was present in seven cases, and of the femur in three. During the 24 hours preceeding surgery, a small hole was drilled directly over the nidus with a 15gauge Ostycut bone biopsy needle, using CT for control and guidance. The hole and needle tract were stained with Gentian violet and GE 9800 and Hi Speed Advantage CT (GE) were used to obtain both 2D and 3D images. RESULTS: Each osteoid osteoma was in the cortex of the bone, nidi ranged in size from 10x6x6 to 40x7x9mm and the sclerotic area around each varied in size between 150x18x14 and 50x15x12mm. Marking was successful on the first attempt in eight cases, on the second attempt in one case and on the third attempt in one case. The average time per marking attempt was 15 minutes. In the operating field, stained marking on the cortex was easily found inall cases. With the marking it was possible to excise only as much of the bone as necessary and none of the ten patients suffered complications either during or after the procedure. The diagnosis of osteoid osteoma was histopathologically confirmed in all patients. CONCLUSION: CT guided nidus marking of an osteoid osteoma assured precise localization during surgery ; bone resection was therefore minimal and the time required for surgery was reduced. The procedure is a simple, safe, effective method for precise and easy nidus excision.
Biopsy ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Needles ; Osteoma ; Osteoma, Osteoid* ; Tibia ; Viola

Several indices have been developed that use bleeding and color changes as indicators of early gingival pathology. In the presence of gingivitis, vascular proliferation and reduction of keratinization owing to increase redness in gingiva. Descriptions of healthy gingiva are numerous, ranging from pale pink and coral pink to deep red and violet. This terms are not objective. Because of perception of color depends on a lot of factors such as light source, object, observer and so on. It is difficult to make an objective expression. Therefore the using of mechanical equipment is recommended to exclude these variables and observer's vias. The purpose of this study was to evaluate gingival color change after scaling & subgingival root planing. The other purpose of this study was to research the correlation of pocket depth, P.B.I. score and gingival color change. After photo-taking and storaging the image of gingival color into a computer, color change was examine with an image analysis program. Results were as follow; 1. Color of healed gingiva after scaling & subgingival root planing was significantly differ from color of inflamed gingiva(p<0.01). 2. Color of healed gingiva after scaling was similar to color of healed gingiva after subgingival root planing(p<0.05). 3. There was statistically significant correlation between color change of red component and pocket depth after scaling & subgingival root planing(p<0.01) 4. There was no correlation between color change of green, blue component and pocket depth after scaling & subgingival root planing(p<0.01) 5. There was statistically significant correlation between between color change of red component and P.B.I. score after scaling & subgingival root planing(p<0.01). 6. There was no correlation between color changes of green, blue component and P.B.I. score after scaling & subgingival root planing(p<0.01) 7. Increase of pocket depth and P.B.I. score were significantly correlated to the amount of color change(p<0.01). 8. P.B.I. score had a higher correlation with color change than pocket depth(p<0.01).
Anthozoa ; Gingiva ; Gingivitis ; Hemorrhage ; Pathology ; Root Planing* ; Viola

Several indices have been developed that use bleeding and color changes as indicators of early gingival pathology. In the presence of gingivitis, vascular proliferation and reduction of keratinization owing to increase redness in gingiva. Descriptions of healthy gingiva are numerous, ranging from pale pink and coral pink to deep red and violet. This terms are not objective. Because of perception of color depends on a lot of factors such as light source, object, observer and so on. It is difficult to make an objective expression. Therefore the using of mechanical equipment is recommended to exclude these variables and observer's vias. The purpose of this study was to evaluate gingival color change after scaling & subgingival root planing. The other purpose of this study was to research the correlation of pocket depth, P.B.I. score and gingival color change. After photo-taking and storaging the image of gingival color into a computer, color change was examine with an image analysis program. Results were as follow; 1. Color of healed gingiva after scaling & subgingival root planing was significantly differ from color of inflamed gingiva(p<0.01). 2. Color of healed gingiva after scaling was similar to color of healed gingiva after subgingival root planing(p<0.05). 3. There was statistically significant correlation between color change of red component and pocket depth after scaling & subgingival root planing(p<0.01) 4. There was no correlation between color change of green, blue component and pocket depth after scaling & subgingival root planing(p<0.01) 5. There was statistically significant correlation between between color change of red component and P.B.I. score after scaling & subgingival root planing(p<0.01). 6. There was no correlation between color changes of green, blue component and P.B.I. score after scaling & subgingival root planing(p<0.01) 7. Increase of pocket depth and P.B.I. score were significantly correlated to the amount of color change(p<0.01). 8. P.B.I. score had a higher correlation with color change than pocket depth(p<0.01).
Anthozoa ; Gingiva ; Gingivitis ; Hemorrhage ; Pathology ; Root Planing* ; Viola

Light energy is an important factor affecting plant growth. The hypothesis of "light-cold and heat property" holds that the original plants of traditional Chinese medicines(TCM) with cold property can obtain more energy to maintain growth in high light intensity environment, whereas the original plants of TCM with heat property prefer weak light environment. The current experiment investigated the effects of different light intensities on primary metabolites levels, energy levels, cell apoptosis, and leaves ultrastructure of Viola yedoensis, the original plants of TCM Violae Herba with cold property. There were five treatment groups of V. yedoensis, which was planted under Li1(8 500 lx),Li2(7 250 lx),Li3(6 000 lx),Li4(4 750 lx),Li5(3 500 lx)LEDs light intensity conditions, respectively. After harvest, primary metabolites levels, contents of ATP, ADP, AMP, activities of ATP synthesis and hydrolysis related enzyme, as well as cell apoptosis activation degree were measured, and transmission electron microscopy technique was used to observe leaves ultrastructure. The results showed that the total sugar, total protein, contents of ATP, ADP and AMP, activities of NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome C reductase, ATP synthase and ATP hydrolase were positively correlated with light intensities(P<0.05). The crude fat content, activities of SDH and CCO enzyme showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, the highest value were found in Li2 group and Li3 group respectively(P<0.05). The vitality of caspase-3 and caspase-9 was negatively correlated with light intensities(P<0.05). The structure of chloroplast and mitochondria were normal and intact in Li1-Li3 groups, and the damage degree of Li4 and Li5 groups increased with the decrease of light intensities. The analysis of results indicated that the structure of chloroplast and mitochondria of V. yedoensis is normal under the light intensity of 6 000-8 500 lx, which can obtain more energy to maintain its growth and metabolism. When the light intensity is lower than 4 750 lx, the chloroplast morphology and mitochondrial membrane are damaged, affecting the metabolism of material and energy. There was no significant difference in energy charge of V. yedoensis in the light intensity range of 3 500～8 500 lx. The effect of light intensity on energy metabolism of V. yedoensis accords with the hypothesis of "light-cold and heat property".
Chloroplasts ; Energy Metabolism ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Plant Leaves ; Viola