INTRODUCTIONThis study compares the attitudes between preclinical and clinical medical students towards radiology, following the introduction of a new radiology curriculum for 1st year students.

MATERIALS AND METHODSRevision of the 1st year medical school curriculum for the academic year of 2008/9 with the inclusion of 13 one-hour formal radiology lectures integrated with each body system was done in an undergraduate Southeast Asian medical school. In the old curriculum, 1st and 2nd year medical students are not exposed to radiology. They received limited radiology teaching in their 3rd and 5th years with 2 one-hour lectures as part of their medicine and surgery rotations. In the 4th year, they have a one week non-examinable posting in radiology. A survey was administered to preclinical (new curriculum) and clinical (old curriculum) students. Survey responses were tabulated and attitudes between preclinical and clinical students were compared.

RESULTSMore than half of the preclinical students (155 out of 270 students, 59%) and 90 out of 720 clinical students (12.5%) responded. Students exposed to the new curriculum had attended one or two dedicated radiology lectures and were considering radiology as a clinical elective. Both groups of students did not feel familiar with radiology as with other specialties, were not considering radiology as a career, but felt that radiology was interesting and important to the overall practice of medicine.

CONCLUSIONSExposure of 1st year students to radiology increases their interest in the subject. Further intervention, fi ne-tuning of the curriculum and follow-up surveys will be carried out to see if this interest persists throughout their clinical years.

Attitude of Health Personnel ; Clinical Clerkship ; Clinical Competence ; statistics & numerical data ; Curriculum ; Education, Medical, Undergraduate ; Educational Measurement ; Educational Status ; Health Care Surveys ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Radiology ; education ; Schools, Medical ; statistics & numerical data ; Singapore ; Students, Medical ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUNDElective radiation of lower neck is controversial for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) without lymph node metastasis (N0 disease). Tumor volume is an important prognostic indicator. The objective of this study is to explore the potential impact of tumor volume on the indication of the lower neck irradiation for N0-NPC, by a qualitative evaluation of the relationship between tumor volume and nodal metastasis.

METHODSMagnetic resonance (MR) images of 99 consecutive patients with NPC who underwent treatment were retrospectively reviewed. Primary tumor volumes of NPC were semi-automatically measured, nodal metastases were N-classified and neck level involvements were examined. Distributions of tumor volumes among N-category-based groups and distributions of N-categories among tumor volume-based groups were analyzed, respectively.

RESULTSThe numbers of patients with N0 to N3 disease were 12, 39, 32, and 16, respectively. The volumes of primary tumor were from 3.3 to 89.6 ml, with a median of 17.1 ml. For patients with nodal metastasis, tumor volume did not increase significantly with the advancing of N-category (P > 0.05). No significant difference was found for the distribution of N1, N2, and N3 categories among tumor volume-based groups (P > 0.05). Nevertheless patients with nodal metastasis had significantly larger tumor volumes than those without metastasis (P < 0.05). Patients with larger tumor volumes were associated with an increased incidence of nodal metastasis.

CONCLUSIONSCertain positive correlations existed between tumor volume and the presence of nodal metastasis. The tumor volume (>10 ml) is a potential indicator for the lower neck irradiation for N0-NPC.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; pathology ; radiotherapy ; Neck ; radiation effects ; Retrospective Studies ; Tumor Burden

Attitude ; Education, Medical, Undergraduate ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Radiology ; Students, Medical ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUNDThe receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) gene has been recently shown to play important roles in palatal development in animal models and resides in the chromosomal region linked to non syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between ROR2 gene and non-syndromic oral clefts.

METHODSHere we tested 38 eligible single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ROR2 gene in 297 non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and in 82 non-syndromic cleft palate case parent trios recruited from Asia and Maryland. Family Based Association Test was used to test for deviation from Mendelian inheritance. Plink software was used to test potential parent of origin effect. Possible maternally mediated in utero effects were assessed using the TRIad Multi-Marker approach under an assumption of mating symmetry in the population.

RESULTSSignificant evidence of linkage and association was shown for 3 SNPs (rs7858435, rs10820914 and rs3905385) among 57 Asian non-syndromic cleft palate trios in Family Based Association Tests. P values for these 3 SNPs equaled to 0.000068, 0.000115 and 0.000464 respectively which were all less than the significance level (0.05/38 = 0.0013) adjusted by strict Bonferroni correction. Relevant odds ratios for the risk allele were 3.42 (1.80 - 6.50), 3.45 (1.75 - 6.67) and 2.94 (1.56 - 5.56), respectively. Statistical evidence of linkage and association was not shown for study groups other than non-syndromic cleft palate. Neither evidence for parent-of-origin nor maternal genotypic effect was shown for any of the ROR2 markers in our analysis for all study groups.

CONCLUSIONOur results provided evidence of linkage and association between the ROR2 gene and a gene controlling risk to non-syndromic cleft palate.

Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Cleft Lip ; genetics ; Cleft Palate ; genetics ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; genetics ; Genotype ; Humans ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; genetics ; Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors ; genetics