Infantile osteomyelitis is a rare disease that is infective in nature and may rapidly turn fatal, as the disease is often misdiagnosed due to its varied presenting signs. Early diagnosis may help in avoiding systemic involvement and permanent deformity. The disease presents with signs of orbital involvement, nasal congestion, and emesis, as well as other standard hallmarks of infection. Furthermore, the maxilla is a highly vascular and porous bone and the occurrence of osteomyelitis in an infant maxilla is highly uncommon. In addition, routine blood work is not suggestive of the presence of this disease. Thus, prompt diagnosis of this condition poses a challenge to surgeons due to the confusing array of symptoms combined with the rarity of the disease. One such case of osteomyelitis of the maxilla in a young child is presented. The dilemma encountered by the surgeon during the diagnosis and treatment of the disease is discussed.

The dilemma regarding the management of condylar fractures generally revolves around the surgical approach, implant design, and the surgeon’s experience. Zide and Kent’s guidelines streamlined the decision making process for condylar fractures. However, there exists no standardized protocol for reduction and fixation of condylar fractures. Here, we have described a detailed and stepwise protocol, common to any surgical approach, that would lead to predictable, reproducible, and repeatable results in every surgeon’s hands.

OBJECTIVES: We compared the transbuccal and transoral approaches in the management of mandibular angle fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients with mandibular angle fractures were randomly divided into two equal groups (A, transoral approach; group B, transbuccal approach) who received fracture reduction using a single 2.5 mm 4 holed miniplate with a bar using either of the two approaches. Intraoperatively, the surgical time and the ease of surgical assess for fixation were noted. Patients were followed at 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively and evaluated clinically for post-surgical complications like scarring, infection, postoperative occlusal discrepancy, malunion, and non-union. Radiographically, the interpretation of fracture reduction was also performed by studying the fracture gap following reduction using orthopantomogram tracing. The data was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: No significant difference was seen between the two groups for variables like surgical time and ease of fixation. Radiographic interpretation of fracture reduction revealed statistical significance for group B from points B to D as compared to group A. No cases of malunion/non-union were noted. A single case of hypertrophic scar formation was noted in group B at 6 months postsurgery. Infection was noted in 2 patients in group B compared to 6 patients in group A. There was significantly more occlusal discrepancy in group A compared to group B at 1 week postoperatively, but no long standing discrepancy was noted in either group at the 6 months follow-up. CONCLUSION: The transbuccal approach was superior to the transoral approach with regard to radiographic reduction of the fracture gap, inconspicuous external scarring, and fewer postoperative complications. We preferred the transbuccal approach due to ease of use, minimal requirement for plate bending, and facilitation of plate placement in the neutral mid-point area of the mandible.
Cicatrix ; Cicatrix, Hypertrophic ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mandible ; Operative Time ; Postoperative Complications ; Prospective Studies*

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated and recorded post-traumatic and postoperative neurosensory deficits of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) in mandibular fracture in order to identify associated risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study composed of 60 patients treated for mandibular fracture. The primary study variable was the change between the post-traumatic IAN neurosensory examination score and the score after fracture reduction. Risk factors were categorized as demographic, anatomic, fracture displacement, and treatment. Appropriate descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed. RESULTS: Sixty patients with unilateral mandibular fracture reported within 24 hours of injury were evaluated over a one-year period. A post-traumatic neurosensory deficit was observed in 52 patients (86.7%), the percentage of which was reduced to 23.3% over the follow-up period. Abnormal postoperative neurosensory scores were significantly higher in angle fracture cases (33.3%) compared to body fracture cases (11.1%). When recovered and non-recovered neurosensory scores were compared by fracture location, 88.9% of body fracture cases showed significant recovery compared to 66.7% of mandibular angle fracture cases. Cases with less than 5 mm fracture displacement showed statistically significantly higher neurosensory recovery scores (90.6%) compared to those with more than 5 mm fracture displacement (60.7%). CONCLUSION: Use of a miniplate with mono-cortical screws does not play a role in increasing IAN post-traumatic neurosensory deficit. Early management can reduce the chances of permanent neurosensory deficit. Mandibular fracture displacement of 5 mm or more and fracture location were found to be associated with an increased risk of post-traumatic IAN neurosensory score worsening.
Cohort Studies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mandibular Fractures* ; Mandibular Nerve* ; Prospective Studies* ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVES: The increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance is an outcome of evolution. Most patients presenting with odontogenic space infections also have associated systemic co-morbidities such as diabetes mellitus resulting in impaired host defense. The present study aims to compare the odontogenic spaces involved, antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms, length of hospital stay, and the infl uence of systemic comorbidities on treatment outcome in diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 2-year prospective study from January 2012 to January 2014 was conducted on patients with odontogenic maxillofacial space infections. The patients were divided into two groups based on their glycemic levels. The data were compiled and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 188 patients were included in the study that underwent surgical incision and drainage, removal of infection source, specimen collection for culture-sensitivity, and evaluation of diabetic status. Sixty-one out of 188 patients were found to be diabetic. The submandibular space was the most commonly involved space, and the most prevalent microorganism was Klebsiella pneumoniae in diabetics and group D Streptococcus in the nondiabetic group. CONCLUSION: The submandibular space was found to be the most commonly involved space, irrespective of glycemic control. Empiric antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid combined with metronidazole with optimal glycemic control and surgical drainage of infection led to resolution of infection in diabetic as well as nondiabetic patients. The average length of hospital stay was found to be relatively longer in diabetic individuals.
Amoxicillin ; Clavulanic Acid ; Comorbidity ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Drainage ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Humans ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Length of Stay ; Metronidazole ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Specimen Handling ; Streptococcus ; Treatment Outcome

Extraction of premolars for orthodontic purposes may prove challenging when the tooth is blocked or lingualised. The standard buccal approach may prove difficult in such cases. A novel technique was used for 16 patients with healthy linguoverted mandibular premolars using maxillary extraction forceps. The ease of extraction increased and resulted in uneventful postoperative healing in all patients. The authors suggest this as a preferred technique for extracting mandibular premolars in linguoversion.

Purpose::Trauma accounts for the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide in the present day and may rightly be called the new pandemic. The prominent nature of the face exposes it to various traumatic injuries. A timely, prompt diagnosis along with employment of correct and quick treatment greatly improves the outcome for these patients. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyse the characteristics of maxillofacial injuries over a decade.Methods::The data were collected manually from the medical records of patients who reported to the tertiary centre from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2019. All injured patients irrespective of age/gender with complete hospital records of clinical and radiographical diagnosis of maxillofacial injuries were included. The demographic data, etiology, site and type of injury, and seasonal variation were analyzed. Data were tabulated into 6 age groups (0 -7 years, 8 -18 years, 19 -35 years, 36 -40 years, 41 -59 years, and > 60 years). Five etiological factors, i.e. road traffic accidents, falls, assaults, sports-related, and occupational accidents, were further evaluated based on genders. Facial injuries were classified into 6 types: panfacial fractures, mandibular fractures (subcategorized), midface fractures (subcategorized), dentoalveolar fractures, dental injuries, and soft tissue injuries. The monthly and seasonal variation of the injuries was also charted. Data were expressed as frequency and percent.Results::A total of 10,703 maxillofacial injuries were included from the tertiary centre from the period of 2011 -2019, including 8637 males and 2066 females, with the highest occurrence in the 19 -35 years age group. Road traffic accident was the principal etiological factor of maxillofacial injuries in both genders (80.5%), followed by falls (9.6%), assaults (8.0%), occupational accidents (1.2%), and sporting injuries (0.7%). Midface fractures accounted for 52.5% (5623 fractures), followed by mandibular fractures (38.1%).Conclusion::The current study describes a change in the incidence of maxillofacial injuries along with variation in the demographic data. The implementation of safety gears and stricter traffic laws along with public awareness may aid in the reduction of maxillofacial injuries.