OBJECTIVE: To determine the baseline information about the knowledge of cervical cancer and explore attitude and practice of Pap smear screening among staff nurses. METHODS: A pretested structured self administered questionnaire based survey was done on 205 staff nurses working in Rural Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Saifai, Etawah, containing mostly recognition and some recall type questions about demographics, knowledge about cervical cancer, its risk factors, screening techniques, attitudes towards cervical cancer screening and its practices. RESULTS: In this study, 74% knew that Pap smear is used for detection of cervical cancer, but only 59% knew that it can detect both cancerous as well as precancerous lesions of the cervix. Only 18% of the respondents knew about human papillomavirus vaccine. A 47% of respondents had never taken a Pap smear; 63% never referred patients for the screening. Most nurses (79%) thought that a speculum examination and Pap smear are procedures to be performed by the doctors. Among all the respondents, only 11% had ever undergone a Pap smear on themselves. CONCLUSION: Despite knowledge of the gravity of cervical cancer and prevention by screening, attitudes and practices towards screening were negative.
Cervix Uteri ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Demography ; Female ; Gravitation ; Humans ; India ; Mass Screening ; Nursing Staff ; Risk Factors ; Surgical Instruments ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Anatomical variations are typically more common in the extensor compartment of the forearm, but uncommon in the flexor compartment. The presence of such anatomical anomalies is not usually noticed until the normal functions of an individual become hindered, or when these anomalies become a surgical problem. During routine dissection curriculum, we encountered a rare finding of bilateral Gantzer muscles in a cadaver. We describe the relationship between the Gantzer muscle and anterior interosseous nerve syndrome.
Cadaver ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dissection ; Forearm ; abnormalities ; anatomy & histology ; innervation ; Humans ; Median Nerve ; anatomy & histology ; Models, Anatomic ; Muscle, Skeletal ; abnormalities ; anatomy & histology ; innervation

Introduction: Malaysia is endemic for leptospirosis with increasing incidence recorded over the years. Perak has recorded one of the highest incidence and mortality of leptospirosis since 2004. Methods: This is a retrospective study of confirmed leptospirosis cases in Larut, Matang and Selama (LMS) district in Perak reported in 2016. The demographic, clinical presentation, laboratory result and clinical outcomes data were analysed and presented. Results: Forty-two patients with confirmed diagnosis of leptospirosis were included into the study. Majority of patients were males and Malays. The case fatality rate was 14.3%. Patients with leptospirosis present with variable clinical presentations and are commonly seen with coinfection. Patients 70-year-old and older, have clinical presentations suggestive of organ dysfunction and require intensive care are associated with higher mortality. Conclusion: Leptospirosis is endemic in LMS district of Perak with high incidence and case fatality rate. The clinical presentation of leptospirosis is variable. Co-infection of leptospirosis with other acute febrile illness is common. Patients presenting with symptoms and signs of organ dysfunctions or require intensive care are associated with an increased odds of death.