Aims: Cholera epidemics have been occurred in Malaysia since 1991 till 2003 which can be proved from the records by the Infectious Diseases Division of the Ministry of Health. Moreover, there were also course of cholera epidemics from the year 1994 to 2003 which had been happened in Sarawak. Cholera outbreaks in Malaysia mostly caused by the El Tor O1 Vibrio cholerae serogroup. The aims of this study were to detect the presence of V. cholerae in clinical and environmental samples (n=28) from Limbang, Sarawak by collaboration with Sarawak Government Hospital and to detect the toxin genes from the isolates. Methodology and results: All the isolates were sub-cultured in alkaline peptone water (APW). The boiled-cell method was used for DNA extraction. The total DNA extracted was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two types of PCR were used in this study which are 16S rRNA PCR and multiplex PCR. The results obtained from the study found out that 16 out of 28 (57.14%) samples were confirmed to be V. cholerae species. Four primers specific for V. cholerae were used in multiplex PCR (O1 type, O139 type, ctxA and ctxAB) to confirm the species type and the toxin genes. All samples shown positive for V. cholerae O1 serotype and 100% positive to all genes for the identification of ctxA and ctxAB genes. Conclusion, significance and impact of study From this study, it showed that multiplex PCR can be used for research purposes in molecular genetics field involving cholera outbreak.
Vibrio cholerae--genetics ; Cholera Toxin

The toxin-producing bacterium Vibrio cholerae can cause severe diarrhea and has caused seven global pandemics. Traditional viable cell counts and phage plaques are commonly used to evaluate the efficacy of virulent phage clearance of V. cholerae, but these operations are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and difficult to provide real-time changes. It is desirable to develop a simple and real-time method to monitor V. cholerae during phage lysis. In this study, a luminescence-generating plasmid pBBR-pmdh-luxCDABE was transformed into three O1 serogroup drug-resistant strains of V. cholerae. The results showed that the luminescence value as a monitoring index correlates well with the traditional viable cell count method. Monitoring the number of live cells of V. cholerae by measuring the luminescence allowed real-time analysis of the number of bacteria remaining during phage lysis. This method enables repeated, interference-free, continuous multiple-time-point detection of the same sample without the time delay of re-culture or plaque formation, facilitating real-time monitoring and analysis of the interaction between the phage and the host bacteria.
Bacteriophages/genetics* ; Luminescence ; Plasmids ; Vibrio cholerae

OBJECTIVETo investigate the serologic type, phage-biotype and toxic factor of Vibrio cholerae isolated from different sea products, analyze the relation between the Vibrio cholerae in sea products and cholera epidemiology, and provide references for forecasting cholera epidemic situation and drawing out a preventing plan.

METHODThe biotype of strains isolated was analyzed by using type and phage-biotype serological methods. The toxic gene was detected by PCR.

RESULTSThe constituent ratio of V. cholerae O139, Ogawa and Inaba were, respectively, 48.44%, 20.31% and 31.25% in 64 strains of V. cholerae. The result of phage-biotype showed that the 26 strains of V. cholerae O1 were all non-epidemic strains. The result of toxic gene detecting showed that positive rate of V. cholerae O139 was higher than those of Ogawa and Inaba.

CONCLUSIONThe positive rate of toxic gene in V. cholerae O139 was high and the V. cholerae O139 was mainly in turtle, breed aquatics water and crustacean, so these sea products were the important sectors in cholera prevention and control.

Animals ; Bacteriophage Typing ; DNA, Bacterial ; genetics ; Seafood ; microbiology ; Serotyping ; Vibrio cholerae ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Vibrio cholerae O1 ; isolation & purification ; Vibrio cholerae O139 ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo understand the phenotypic diversity of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains isolated from different provinces in China during the last 50 years.

METHODSTraditional biotyping testings including susceptibility to polymyxin B, sensitivity to group IV phage, Voges-Proskauer test and haemolysis of sheep erythrocytes were conducted.

RESULTSData from Biotype-specific phenotype analysis revealed that only 133 isolates carried the typical El Tor phenotypes while the other 251 isolates displayed atypical El Tor phenotypes. Combined with ctxB, rstR genotypes and phenotypic characteristics, 64 isolates were identified as typical El Tor biotype, 21 were El Tor variants that showing the typical El Tor biotype-specific phenotype but with ctxB(class). 280 isolates were defined as the hybrid groups with traits of both classical and El Tor biotypes that could be further classified into 45 groups, based on the combination of genotypes of ctxB, rstR and phenotypic characteristics.

CONCLUSIONToxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains that isolated from different provinces in China displayed high phenotypic diversity. The traditional biotype traits could not be used to correctly distinguish the two different biotypes.

China ; Genotype ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Vibrio cholerae O1 ; genetics

Bacterial Proteins/metabolism* ; Operon/genetics* ; Phosphotransferases/metabolism* ; Quorum Sensing/genetics* ; Vibrio cholerae/genetics*

OBJECTIVEThrough systematic monitoring of the number and strain types of O1 and O139 Vibrio cholerae in the Pearl River estuary waters to analyze it's relevance with the temperature of environment, and the relevance between strains in water and isolates during outbreaks and epidemics as well as to estimate the methods used for environmental water detection and the potential role in cholera surveillance program.

METHODSTwenty-four stations along the Pearl River were selected and the water samples were collected monthly from March 2006 to February 2007. V. cholerae O1 and O139 strains were isolated from the samples. Real-time PCR established in our laboratory was used to detect V. cholerae O1 and O139. Air temperature and water temperature were collected during sampling. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was applied in molecular typing of the isolates.

RESULTS862 water samples were collected during the study period. A total number of 77 O1 and O139 V. cholerae were isolated in 67 water samples and the positive rates were 7.77% for isolation and 26.33% for real-time PCR. Seasonal trend of positive rates by month were approximately coincident with the change of water temperature. The positive rates in the stations in urban area were higher than those in other areas. Toxigenic O139 strains were found in one station located in downstream of a marine market. Most of the O1 and O139 isolates were non-toxigenic. No trend of seasonal variation of the strains was noticed. Within these 75 isolates, 49 PFGE patterns were identified and the patterns differed widely with the similarity of 57.4% - 100%.

CONCLUSIONV. cholerae existed as the natural habitat in estuary water of the Pearl River and showed obvious genetic diversity. Data from monitoring waters might show the separation of strains with certain seasonal association. But the crowd did not show the relationship between the infections. Results from water surveillance program might provide indicators on the appearance of cholera pathogen which might be used in assessing the environmental risk of cholera epidemics as well as the alert of cholera.

Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Environmental Monitoring ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Vibrio cholerae O1 ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Vibrio cholerae O139 ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo establish a duplex nested PCR assay system which is capable for detecting O1 and O139 groups of Vibrio cholerae simultaneously, and is applicable to environmental specimens from routine cholera surveillance.

METHODSBased on nucleic acid sequences available in GenBank, six sets of primers were designed by PrimerSelect program of DNAStar, targeting the rfb gene that encodes the O antigens of O1 and O139 V. cholerae, respectively. The specificity of several primer combinations was tested. A duplex nested PCR assay system for simultaneously detecting O1 and O139 V. cholerae was established, subsequently, its sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility and field evaluation were tested. The sensitivity of this assay was evaluated by comparing detection limits of nested PCR and conventional PCR. Its reproducibility was tested by 32 positive samples (11 samples positive for O1, 21 samples positive for O139) from environmental surveillance. In addition, the selected amplicons from positive samples were sequenced and analyzed with relevant sequences.

RESULTSThis newly-established duplex nested PCR assay might distinguish O1 V. cholerae from O139 V. cholerae, based on fragment lengths of amplicons, with reliable reproducibility, and no specific amplification was observed as compared with other vibrio species. The sensitivity of this nested PCR was (15 000) higher than conventional PCR, and there was no interference observed with multiple primers and complicated templates in the same vial. In its field evaluation, 32 positive DNA samples were detected and be further confirmed with double or triple tests, implying reliable reproducibility and consistency of this system. These results indicated that this assay had reliable reproducibility. No amplification was observed in all negative specimens and also suggested the acceptable specificity of this assay. Sequence analysis of the selected amplification products revealed 100% homogeneous with relevant genes from V.cholerae, indicating that these amplicons were originated from V. cholerae.

CONCLUSIONThis duplex nested PCR assay system should be rapid, sensitive and especially applicable to small laboratories, and be suitable for dynamic environmental surveillance.

DNA, Bacterial ; Environmental Monitoring ; methods ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Vibrio cholerae O1 ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Vibrio cholerae O139 ; genetics ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo examine vibrio cholera (V.C) in aquatic products of littoral area, Zhejiang Province and to provide scientific evidence for administration of aquatic products and cholera epidemic control.

METHODSAll 990 samples of aquatic products collected from local markets, eateries and aquafarms in three chosen areas. Samples were proliferated in alkaline liquid medium, and purified in NO: 4 medium, the isolations were identified biochemically, and phenotype of strains were defined by phagocyte and coagulation with V.C. diagnostic serum. Three virulence genes (ctx, ace, zct) of the isolated strains were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

RESULTSThere were 1.41% samples caught by V.C., having a carrying rate highest in turtles of 8.9%. 14 strains were defined as three serogroups, and the numbers of Inaba, Ogawa, and Hikojima types were 2, 2, 10 respectively. Virulence genes had detected in 9 of 12 stains. All genes were detected in 5 strains, only ZOT genes in 3 strains, and both CTX and ACE genes in 1 strain.

CONCLUSIONSAquatic products from inshore in Zhejiang Province caught with V.C. strains might be divided into three serogroups. Most of them should be virulence genes. Cholera epidemic outbreak might be caused by those contaminated products.

China ; Food Microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial ; Seafood ; microbiology ; Vibrio cholerae ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Virulence Factors ; genetics

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate whether the VCA0560 gene acts as an active diguanylate cyclase (DGC) in Vibrio cholerae and how its transcription is regulated by Fur and HapR. METHODS: The roles of VCA0560 was investigated by utilizing various phenotypic assays, including colony morphological characterization, crystal violet staining, Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) quantification, and swimming motility assay. The regulation of the VCA0560 gene by Fur and HapR was analyzed by luminescence assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and DNase I footprinting. RESULTS: VCA0560 gene mutation did not affect biofilm formation, motility, and c-di-GMP synthesis in V. cholerae, and its overexpression remarkably enhanced biofilm formation and intracellular c-di-GMP level but reduced motility capacity. The transcription of the VCA0560 gene was directly repressed by Fur and the master quorum sensing regulator HapR. CONCLUSION Overexpressed VCA0560 functions as an active DGC in V. cholerae, and its transcription is repressed by Fur and HapR.
Vibrio cholerae/genetics* ; Biofilms ; Quorum Sensing ; Mutation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics*

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; physiology ; Bacteriophages ; chemistry ; Humans ; Receptors, Virus ; chemistry ; Vibrio cholerae ; virology