The antibacterial effects of flavonoid substances isolated from plants belonging to C.clerodendron species were studied. They are included Clerodendron fragrant, C.informatum, C.cytophyllum. The results showed that flavonoids from these plants presented antibacterial activities on both strain of Gram (+) and Gram(-) but stronger effect obtained with Gram(+). The antifungal activity was week or not resulted for all these three plants. The mixed flavonoid solutions may give better antibacterial effects depending on the combination of extracted flavonoid solutions.
Flavonoids ; Verbenaceae ; Pharmaceutical Preparations

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the ability of several hotspot candidate sequence of DNA barcodes for identifying medicinal plant species in Verbenaceae.

METHODUsing universal primers, three chloroplast sequences, psbA-trnH, rbcL, matK, two nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS2 and ITS were amplified and sequenced. PCR amplification and sequencing efficiency, intra- and inter-specific variation, barcoding gap and identification efficiency (with BLAST 1 and Nearest Distance methods) were used to evaluate these loci.

RESULTThe rate of successful amplification using matK was too low to further analyze, and the rate of successful amplification and sequencing using psbA-trnH, ITS, and ITS2 and rbcL sequence was 83.6%, 83.6%, 96.4%, 98.2%, respectively. The rate of successful identification using psbA-trnH, ITS, and ITS2 was 100% at the species level except that rbcL was 77.8%, 75.9% for 55 samples belonging to 32 species, but ITS2 did better in intra- and inter-specific variation, barcoding gap than the other loci. The rate of successful identification of ITS2 was 89.5%, 87.6% even when joining the date of 165 samples from GenBank.

CONCLUSIONIt proposes that the combination of ITS2 and psbA-trnH senquence is promising for the identification of the species in Verbenaceae.

DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; methods ; DNA, Plant ; genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ; genetics ; Plants, Medicinal ; classification ; genetics ; Verbenaceae ; classification ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the cytotoxic activity of endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove fungi.

METHODSIn the present study the DNA was isolated and the ITS region of 5.8s rRNA was amplified using specific primers ITS 1 and ITS4 and sequence was determined using automated sequencers. Blast search sequence similarity was found against the existing non redundant nucleotide sequence database thus, identified as Aspergilus flavus, Hyporcaea lixii, Aspergillus niger, Eutorium amstelodami, Irpex hydnoides and Neurospora crassa. Among the seven isolates, one fungi Irpex hydnoides was selected for further studies. The fungi were grown in sabouraud broth for five days and filtrate were separated and subjected to ethyl acetate for further studies.

RESULTSNearly half (49.25%) of the extracts showed activity (IC50 of 125µg/mL). These values were within the cutoff point of the National Cancer Institute criteria for cytotoxicity (IC50<20 µg/mL) in the screening of crude plant extracts. The GC MS analysis revealed that the active principals might be Tetradecane (6.26%) with the RT 8.606.

CONCLUSIONSIt is clear from the present study that mangrove fungi with bioactive metabolites can be expected to provide high quality biological material for high throughout biochemical, anti cancer screening programmes. The results help us conclude that the potential of using metabolic engineering and post genomic approaches to isolate more novel bioactive compounds and to make their possible commercial application is not far off.

Basidiomycota ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; metabolism ; Biological Products ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Verbenaceae ; microbiology

Phytochemical investigation on the EtOH extract from the aerial part of Callicarpa kwangtungensis led to the isolation and characterization of 10 caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycosides, 2'-acetylacteoside (1), tubuloside E (2), acteoside (3), tubuloside B (4), isoacteoside (5), alyssonoside (6), 2'-acetylforsythoside B (7), brandioside (8), forsythoside B (9), and poliumoside (10). Compound 4 was isolated from the plants of Verbenaceae,and 6 was obtained from the Callicarpa genus, for the first time, while compounds 1, 2, 5 and 7 were firstly reported from the plant.
Caffeic Acids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Catechols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Ethanol ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Glycosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Phenols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Verbenaceae ; chemistry

Acteoside (verbascoside), a phenylethanoid glycoside widely distributed in various plants, has been shown to have potential activity against Alzheimer's disease, attracting great attentions recently. The present study was designed to develop a selective and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of acteoside in biological samples and carry our a pharmacokinetic (PK) study in beagle dogs. The PK parameters were calculated using non-compartmental models. Following a single-dose oral administration, acteoside was rapidly absorbed and eliminated, with Tmax being between 30 to 45 min and terminal half-life being about 90 min. The areas under the time-concentration curve (AUC) were 47.28 ± 8.74, 87.86 ± 13.33, and 183.14 ± 28.69 mg · min · L(-1) for oral administration of 10, 20, and 40 mg · kg(-1), respectively, demonstrating that the exposure of acteoside proportionally increased with the dose level. The absolute bioavailability of acteoside was around 4%. For all the PK parameters, there were large variations between individual dogs. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetic characteristics observed in the present study can be of great value to help better understand the pharmacological properties of acteoside and to improve the outcome of its clinical use.
Administration, Intravenous ; Administration, Oral ; Alzheimer Disease ; drug therapy ; Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Biological Availability ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Dogs ; Female ; Glucosides ; pharmacokinetics ; Intestinal Absorption ; Male ; Phenols ; pharmacokinetics ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacokinetics ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Verbenaceae ; chemistry

Caryopteris incana (Verbenaceae) has been used to treat cough, arthritis, and eczema in Oriental medicine. The two fractions (CHCl₃- and BuOH fractions) and the essential oil of the plant material were subjected to the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) assay. The IC₅₀ of the CHCl₃ fraction and the essential oil on LPS-induced macrophage RAW 264.7 cells were 16.4 µg/mL and 23.08 µg/mL, respectively. On gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectroscopy (MS) analysis, twenty-five components representing 85.5% amount of total essential oil were identified. On the chromatogram, three main substances, trans-pinocarveol, cis-citral, and pinocarvone, occupied 18.8%, 13.5% and 18.37% of total peak area. Furthermore, by HPLC-UV analysis, six compounds including one iridoid (8-O-acetylharpagide)- and five phenylethanoid glycosides (caryopteroside, acteoside, phlinoside A, 6-O-caffeoylphlinoside, and leucosceptoside A) isolated from the BuOH fraction were quantified. The content of six compounds were shown as the following order: caryopteroside (162.35 mg/g) > 8-O-acetylharpagide (93.28 mg/g) > 6-O-caffeoylphlinoside (28.15mg/g) > phlinoside (22.60mg/g) > leucosceptoside A (16.87 mg) > acteoside (7.05 mg/g).
Arthritis ; Chromatography, Gas ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cough ; Eczema ; Glycosides ; Macrophages ; Medicine, East Asian Traditional ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Nitric Oxide ; Plants ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Spectrum Analysis ; Verbenaceae

OBJECTIVETo isolate and identify the chemical constituents from Verbena officinalis.

METHODThe compounds were isolated by means of chromatography and the structures were determined on the basis of physical and spectral analysis.

RESULTFour compounds were isolated and identified as apigenin (I), 4'-hydroxywogonin (II), verbenalin (III) and hastatoside (IV).

CONCLUSIONCompounds I and II were obtained from the genus for the first time.

Apigenin ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Flavanones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Iridoid Glycosides ; Iridoids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Verbena ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo establish a HPLC method for determination of ursolic acid in dried aerial part of Verbena officinalis.

METHODThe column used was a Kromasil C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm) packed with a 5 microns stationary phase. The mobile phase consisted of methanol-sodium phosphate buffer [monobasic sodium phosphate (MW = 119.98) 1.7997 g and phosphoric acid (85%) 1.02 mL, combined and brought the total volume of 1,000 mL with water] (89:11); the mobile phase was maintained at a flow-rate of 0.8 mL per minute; the column was maintained at 40 degrees C; the DAD detector was set at 210 nm.

RESULTSThe liner range was 0.251-10.04 micrograms (r = 1.0000). An average recovery of 98.1% (n = 6) was obtained with a RSD of 1.0%.

CONCLUSIONThe method is simple, accurate and suitable for the qualify control.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Plant Components, Aerial ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Triterpenes ; analysis ; Verbena ; chemistry

Five fungicides such as rovral, bavistin, cupravit, dithane M-45 and thiovit were tested against conidial germination of Fusarium oxysporum. Dithane M-45 was the most effective against the fungus. Rests of the fungicides were more or less effective in the inhibition of conidial germination after 5~30 minutes immersion in 500~2500 ppm concentration. Five plant extracts(leaf extracts of Ocimum sanctum, Lantana camera, Calotropis procera, Azadirachta indica and Vinca rosea) found to be more or less effective against the fungus. 'Dhup' somke have good inhibitory effect on conidial germination of F. oxysporum.
Azadirachta ; Calotropis ; Fungi ; Fusarium* ; Germination* ; Immersion ; Lantana ; Ocimum ; Piper betle* ; Piper* ; Plant Extracts* ; Plants* ; Smoke* ; Vinca

OBJECTIVETo investigate the toxicity of methanol extract of various parts (Root, Stem, Leaf, Flower and Fruit) of Lantana camara (L. Camara) in Artemia salina.

METHODSThe methanol extracts of L. camara were tested for in vivo brine shrimp lethality assay.

RESULTSAll the tested extract exhibited very low toxicity on brine shrimp larva. The results showed that the root extract was the most toxic part of L. camara and may have potential as anticancer agent.

CONCLUSIONSMethanolic extract of L. camara is relatively safe on short-term exposure.

Animals ; Artemia ; drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Lantana ; chemistry ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Plant Components, Aerial ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; toxicity ; Plant Roots ; chemistry