Smoking cessation is used to illustrate the application of health literacy principles to meet patients' needs. There are three areas to focus on : developing a health literate patient ; presenting information in a way that is easy to understand and use ; and creating a health literate delivery system that provides ready access to and delivery of health information and health services. The Health Choices ‐ flip chart tool kit for healthcare professionals launched on 1 September 2012 ‐ illustrates the elements of a health literate tool for communicating smoking cessation.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among women, and its age-standardised incidence rate is one of the highest in Asia. We aimed to review studies on barriers to breast cancer screening to inform future policies in Singapore. METHOD: This was a literature review of both quantitative and qualitative studies published between 2012 and 2020 using PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane databases, which analysed the perceptions and behaviours of women towards breast cancer screening in Singapore. RESULTS: Through a thematic analysis based on the Health Belief Model, significant themes associated with low breast cancer screening uptake in Singapore were identified. The themes are: (1) high perceived barriers versus benefits, including fear of the breast cancer screening procedure and its possible outcomes, (2) personal challenges that impede screening attendance and paying for screening and treatment, and (3) low perceived susceptibility to breast cancer. CONCLUSION Perceived costs/barriers vs benefits of screening appear to be the most common barriers to breast cancer screening in Singapore. Based on the barriers identified, increasing convenience to get screened, reducing mammogram and treatment costs, and improving engagement with support groups are recommended to improve the screening uptake rate in Singapore.
Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Mammography ; Mass Screening ; Singapore/epidemiology*

INTRODUCTIONDenial of smoking status by pregnant women presents a missed opportunity for referral to smoking cessation programmes that are shown to be effective in helping them quit smoking.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted to detect the true prevalence of active smoking pregnant patients and the accuracy of self-reporting, investigate the sociodemographic risk factors and test the knowledge of pregnant patients on adverse effects of smoking. This involved 972 antenatal patients of a maternity hospital where participants completed a sociodemographic data survey and answered a knowledge questionnaire. Urine cotinine testing was carried out after informed consent.

RESULTSThe prevalence of active smokers was 5.2% (n = 50) with 3% (n = 29) being light smokers and 2.2% (n = 21) being heavy smokers. This was significantly higher than self-reported active smoking status of 3.7% (n = 36; P = 0.02). The Malay race, being aged less than 20 years and not having tertiary level qualifications independently increased the likelihood of being an active smoker. Knowledge of the adverse effects of smoking was generally good with a mean total score of 8.18 out of 10 but there were differences amongst the non-smokers, passive smokers, light smokers and active smokers (P = 0.012).

CONCLUSIONWhile the prevalence of active smoking among pregnant women is low in Singapore compared to other countries, this study substantiated the unreliability of self-reporting of smoking status in the pregnant population which could complicate referral to smoking cessation programmes. The lower awareness of the harms of smoking during pregnancy among smokers highlights a potential area for improvement.

Adult ; Age Factors ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cotinine ; urine ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Ethnic Groups ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Hospitals, Maternity ; Hospitals, Public ; Humans ; Malaysia ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; epidemiology ; Pregnant Women ; Prevalence ; Self Report ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Smoking ; epidemiology ; urine ; Young Adult

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to compare the incidence and mortality of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) across the 3 main ethnic groups in Singapore, determine if there is any improvement in trends over the years and postulate the reasons underlying the ethnic disparity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study consisted of 16,983 consecutive STEMI patients who sought treatment from all public hospitals in Singapore from 2007 to 2014. RESULTS: Compared to the Chinese (58 per 100,000 population in 2014), higher STEMI incidence rate was consistently observed in the Malays (114 per 100,000 population) and Indians (126 per 100,000 population). While the incidence rate for the Chinese and Indians remained relatively stable over the years, the incidence rate for the Malays rose slightly. Relative to the Indians (30-day and 1-year all-cause mortality at 9% and 13%, respectively, in 2014), higher 30-day and 1-year all-cause mortality rates were observed in the Chinese (15% and 21%) and Malays (13% and 18%). Besides the Malays having higher adjusted 1-year all-cause mortality, all other ethnic disparities in 30-day and 1-year mortality risk were attenuated after adjusting for demographics, comorbidities and primary percutaneous coronary intervention. CONCLUSION It is important to continuously evaluate the effectiveness of existing programmes and practices as the aetiology of STEMI evolves with time, and to strike a balance between prevention and management efforts as well as between improving the outcome of "poorer" and "better" STEMI survivors with finite resources.