Aged ; Aortic Diseases ; complications ; Esophageal Diseases ; etiology ; Humans ; Intestinal Fistula ; complications ; Jejunal Diseases ; complications ; Male ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ulcer ; etiology ; Vascular Fistula ; complications

Cardiovascular disease, including stroke, is one of the major causes of death in diabetes. Numerous studies have long suggested reducing macrovascular complication such as ischemic vascular disease through intensive glycemic control, but none was successful proving the effect of glycemic control. Recently, new possibilities in cardiovascular disease reduction have been proposed through cardiovascular safety trials of newly developed anti-hyperglycemic agents. The purpose of this review is to introduce the traditional and newly developed anti-diabetic medications and review their effects regarding cardiovascular outcomes mainly focusing on stroke.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cause of Death ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Drug Therapy ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Stroke ; Vascular Diseases

Humans ; COVID-19/complications* ; Ischemia ; Arterial Occlusive Diseases ; Peripheral Vascular Diseases

Aged ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Intermittent Claudication ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nervous System Diseases ; complications ; diagnosis ; Vascular Diseases ; complications ; diagnosis

Humans ; Meniere Disease ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Vascular Diseases ; complications ; Vertigo ; diagnosis ; etiology

The incidence and mortality rates of diabetes with cardiovascular complications are continually rising, and diabetic cardiovascular disease is becoming a major public health issue that threatens human health. Acute endothelial dysfunction and chronic cellular damage caused by diabetes are important risk factors for diabetic cardiovascular disease and related mortality. Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived molecule with significant cytoprotective effects, including the protection against diabetes-induced vascular endothelial injury. Here we review the mechanisms of adiponectin protective effects on acute vascular endothelial dysfunction and chronic structural damage induced by diabetes.
Adiponectin ; physiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; complications ; Diabetes Mellitus ; pathology ; Endothelium, Vascular ; physiopathology ; Humans

Structured exercise is considered as an important cornerstone to achieve good glycemic control and improve cardiovascular risk profile in diabetes. Both aerobic and resistance training improve insulin action and can assist with management of blood glucose levels, lipids, and blood pressure. However, exercise must be undertaken regularly to have continued benefits and include regular training varying types. Most persons with diabetic complication such as vascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy can perform exercise safely as long as certain precautions are taken.
Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Diabetes Complications ; Humans ; Insulin ; Peripheral Vascular Diseases ; Resistance Training

Vascular endothelium formulates the basic defense against cardiovascular diseases. Multiple factors such as inflammatory factors, oxidative stress and biological factors can cause endothelial dysfunction and be involved in the formation and development of cardiovascular diseases. In studies of recent years, accumulated evidences showed that periodontitis was an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events, and was related to vascular endothelial dysfunction. Periodontal therapy could improve the vascular endothelial function. In this paper, the epidemiological evidences of associations between periodontitis and vascular endothelial dysfunction in recent years were listed, and the possible mechanisms of periodontitis aggravating endothelial dysfunction were analyzed. The importance of periodontal intervention in improving endothelial function was emphasized. This will provide new ideas for further study about the relationship between periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases and for the prevention and treatment strategies.
Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology* ; Endothelium, Vascular ; Humans ; Oxidative Stress ; Periodontitis/complications* ; Risk Factors

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is considered to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are not fully understood. Endothelial dysfunction is a key initiating factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, which is commonly observed in almost all HHcy-induced vascular diseases. HHcy promotes oxidative stress, inhibits nitric oxide production, suppresses hydrogen sulfide signaling pathway, promotes endothelial mesenchymal transition, activates coagulation pathways, and promotes protein N-homocysteination and cellular hypomethylation, all of which can cause endothelial dysfunction. This article reviews the specific links between HHcy and endothelial dysfunction, and highlights recent evidence that endothelial mesenchymal transition contributes to HHcy-induced vascular damage, with a hope to provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of HHcy-related vascular diseases.
Humans ; Atherosclerosis ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Endothelium, Vascular ; Homocysteine/metabolism* ; Hyperhomocysteinemia/complications* ; Oxidative Stress ; Risk Factors

Aortic Diseases ; complications ; etiology ; Esophageal Fistula ; complications ; etiology ; Female ; Hematemesis ; etiology ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Tuberculosis, Miliary ; complications ; Vascular Fistula ; complications ; etiology