Foam stability affects the efficacy and incidence of side effects of foam sclerotherapy. Exploring the relationship between foam pressure difference and foam stability can provide ideas and basis for obtaining more stable foam. In the experiment, sodium cod liver oleate foam was selected, and poloxamer 188 (concentration of 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%) was added to realize the change of foam pressure. By using the self-written program to process the foam pictures, the foam pressure difference and the relationship between the foam stability indicators (water separation rate curve, half-life) and the foam pressure difference were obtained. The results showed that at first the foam pressure increased with the increase of the concentration, and then it decreased with the increase of the concentration and reached a peak at the concentration of 4%. The foam pressure difference decreases continuously with the increase of decay time. When the additive concentration is low, the foam average pressure difference increases. And if the additive concentration is too high, the foam average pressure difference decreases. The smaller the foam pressure difference is, the better the foam stability is. This paper lays a foundation for the research on the stability of foam hardener.
Half-Life ; Humans ; Poloxamer ; Sclerosing Solutions/adverse effects* ; Sclerotherapy ; Varicose Veins

Objective: To investigate the effects of primary preventive treatment under endoscope for esophageal and gastric varices on bleeding rate and its relevant factors. Methods: 127 cases with liver cirrhosis accompanied with esophageal and gastric varices without bleeding history were included in the endoscopic and non-endoscopic treatment group, respectively. Informed consent was obtained from both groups. Gastric varices (Lgf) and esophageal varices (Leg) were diagnosed according to LDRf classification criteria, and the corresponding treatment scheme was selected according to the recommended principle of this method.The incidence rate of bleeding from ruptured esophageal varices were observed at 3, 6 months, and 1, and 2 years in the treated and the untreated group, and the patients with different Child-Pugh scores were followed-up for 2 years. Gender, age, etiology, varicose degree, Child-Pugh grade, platelet count, prothrombin activity, portal vein thrombosis, collateral circulation, portal vein width and other factors affecting the bleeding rate were assessed. Measurement data were described as mean ± standard deviation (x¯±s), and qualitative data of categorical variables were expressed as percentage (%), and χ² test was used. Results: 127 cases were followed up for 2 years. There were 55 cases in the endoscopic treatment group (18 cases underwent band ligation, 2 cases underwent band ligation combined with tissue adhesive embolization, 28 cases underwent sclerotherapy, and 7 cases underwent sclerotherapy combined with tissue adhesive embolization). Recurrent bleeding and hemorrhage was occurred in 5 (9.1%) and 28 cases (38.9%), respectively (P<0.05). In addition, there were 72 cases in the untreated group (P<0.05). Severe varicose veins proportions in treated and untreated group were 91.1% and 85.1%, respectively (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in liver cirrhosis-related medication and β-blocker therapy between the treated and untreated group (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the bleeding rate between the different treated groups (P>0.05). The bleeding rates at 3, 6 months, 1, and 2 years in endoscopic treated and untreated group were 2.00% vs. 2.59% (P>0.05), 2.30% vs. 5.88% (P>0.05), 3.10% vs. 7.55% (P>0.05) and 4.00% vs. 21.62% (P<0.05), respectively. All patients with Child-Pugh grade A, B and C in the treated and the untreated group were followed-up for 2 years, and the bleeding rates were 1.8% vs. 8.1% (P<0.05), 1.1% vs. 9.4% (P<0.05) and 9.1% vs. 10.1% (P>0.05), respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the rupture and bleeding of esophageal and gastric varices, varices degree, Child-Pugh grade and presence or absence of thrombosis formation in portal vein (P<0.05); however, no statistically significant differences in gender, age, etiology, platelet count, prothrombin activity, collateral circulation and portal vein width (P>0.05). There was no intraoperative bleeding and postoperative related serious complications in the treated group. Conclusion: The risk of initial episodes of bleeding from esophageal and gastric varices is significantly correlated with the varices degree, Child-Pugh grade, and portal vein thrombosis. Primary preventive treatment under endoscope is safe and effective for reducing the long-term variceal bleeding risk from esophageal and gastric varices.
Endoscopes ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices/complications* ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/surgery* ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal/complications* ; Ligation ; Liver Cirrhosis/complications* ; Prothrombin ; Sclerotherapy ; Tissue Adhesives ; Varicose Veins ; Venous Thrombosis/complications*

OBJECTIVE: To explore the technical details and short-term effects of radiofrequency obliteration of varicose veins of lower extremities guided by combined venography and ultrasound. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with varicose veins of lower extremities were treated with radiofrequency obliteration using Olympus Celon RFiTT^® under combined guidance of venography and ultrasound. The indications included varicose veins of lower extremities and reflux of the great saphenous vein confirmed by ultrasound. The contraindications included deep vein thrombosis, cardiac pacemaker, severe cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases or coagulation disorders. Under ultrasound guidance, the saphenous vein around knee level was punctured using a 21G needle, and a 7F sheath was introduced. Through the sheath a venography was made, and an Olympus Celon ProCurve radiofrequency catheter was inserted and advanced to the great saphenous vein under road map, and the catheter tip was positioned at the point 2 cm below the sapheno-femoral junction. The swelling anesthesia was made under ultrasound guidance. Then the radiofrequency obliteration was performed with pressing of the treatment section. The venography was repeated to ensure optimal outcomes. If necessary the radiofrequency obliteration could be repeated once to twice. After that the superficial varicose veins were stripping by small incisions under local anesthesia. After operation, medical decompression stocking was utilized immediately and sustained for three months. The clinical data, intraoperative radiation dose, exposure time and short-term effects were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: After the operation, all the patients walked out of the operating room by themselves. The success rate of operation was 100%. The intraoperative radiation dose was 1.78-10.12 mGy (mean 6.56 mGy), and the exposure time was 61-448 s (mean 161 s). By 3 months follow-up, the symptoms were alleviated in all the 37 patients, and the occlusion rate was 100%. No complications such as skin burns, ecchymosis and deep venous thrombosis were found. CONCLUSION The short-term effects of radiofrequency obliteration using Olympus Celon RFiTT^® system in a manner of twice fixed point followed by once reciprocating radiofrequency were satisfactory. Radiofrequency obliteration of great saphenous veins guided by venography and ultrasound has not only the advantages of minimal trauma and rapid recovery, but also the advantages of accurate location, exact effect and avoidance of complications.
Catheter Ablation ; Humans ; Lower Extremity/diagnostic imaging* ; Phlebography ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Ultrasonography ; Varicose Veins/surgery*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: There is a controversy about the availability of invasive treatment for esophageal/gastric varices in patients with Child-Pugh class C (CP-C) end-stage liver cirrhosis (LC). We have evaluated the validity of invasive treatment with CP-C end-stage LC patients. METHODS: The study enrolled 51 patients with CP-C end-stage LC who had undergone invasive treatment. The treatment modalities included endoscopic variceal ligation in 22 patients, endoscopic injection sclerotherapy in 17 patients, and balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO) in 12 patients. We have investigated the overall survival (OS) rates and risk factors that contributed to death within one year after treatment. RESULTS: The OS rate in all patients at one, three, and five years was 72.6%, 30.2%, and 15.1%, respectively. The OS rate in patients who received endoscopic treatment and the BRTO group at one, three, and five years was 67.6%, 28.2% and 14.1% and 90.0%, 36.0% and 18.0%, respectively. The average of Child-Pugh scores (CPS) from before treatment to one month after variceal treatment significantly improved from 10.53 to 10.02 (P=0.003). Three significant factors that contributed to death within one year after treatment included the presence of bleeding varices, high CPS (≥11), and high serum total bilirubin levels (≥4.0 mg/dL). CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated that patients with a CPS of up to 10 and less than 4.0 mg/dL of serum total bilirubin levels may not have a negative impact on prognosis after invasive treatment for esophageal/gastric varices despite their CP-C end-stage LC.
Balloon Occlusion ; Bilirubin ; Endoscopy ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal ; Ligation ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors ; Sclerotherapy ; Varicose Veins

No abstract available.
Esophageal and Gastric Varices ; Hemostasis, Endoscopic ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver ; Radiology, Interventional ; Varicose Veins

Acute gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage is a dreaded complication in patients with liver cirrhosis. Endoscopic therapy and radiologic intervention for gastroesophageal bleeding have rapidly developed in the recent decades. Endoscopic treatment is initially performed to stop variceal hemorrhage. For the treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding, endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) is considered the endoscopic treatment of choice. In cases of gastric variceal hemorrhage, the type of gastric varices (GVs) is important in deciding the strategy of endoscopic treatment. Endoscopic variceal obturation (EVO) is recommended for fundal variceal bleeding. For the management of gastroesophageal varix type 1 bleeding, both EVO and EVL are available treatment options; however, EVO is preferred over EVL. If endoscopic management fails to control variceal hemorrhage, radiologic interventional modalities could be considered. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is a good option for rescue treatment in refractory variceal bleeding. In cases of refractory hemorrhage of GVs in patients with a gastrorenal shunt, balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration could be considered as a salvage treatment.
Endoscopy ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Ligation ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical ; Salvage Therapy ; Varicose Veins

BACKGROUND/AIMS: There is a lack of data on long-term morbidity, particularly dysphagia, following endoscopic variceal band ligation (EVL). The aim of this study are to assess the incidence of dysphagia and variables associated with this complication after EVL.METHODS: We identified individuals who completed at least one session of EVL as their sole treatment for varices from August 2012 to December 2017. Included patients achieved “complete eradication” of varices not requiring further therapy. Patients ≥90 days from their last EVL session completed a modified version of the Mayo Clinic Dysphagia Questionnaire. Individuals with dysphagia were invited to undergo a barium esophagram. Patients with pre-EVL dysphagia were excluded.RESULTS: Of the patients, 68 possessed inclusion criteria, nine (13.2%) died and 20 (29.4%) were lost to follow up. For the remaining 39 (57.4%) patients, 23 were males, mean age of 61.7±8.6 years. The most common etiology of liver disease was hepatitis C virus (n=18; 46.2%). The median number of banding sessions was 2.0 (interquartile range [IQR], 1.0–4.0) with a median of 9.0 bands placed (IQR, 3.0–14.0). Twelve patients (30.8%) developed new-onset dysphagia post-EVL. In univariate analysis, pre-EVL MELD score and non-emergent initial banding were associated with long-term dysphagia. In a regression model adjusted for age, sex, number of bands, and use of acid suppression after EVL, no factor was independently associated with dysphagia (all p>0.05). No strictures were identified on subsequent esophageal evaluation.CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 30% of patients developed new-onset, chronic dysphagia post-EVL. Incident dysphagia was associated with a non-emergent initial banding session. The mechanism for dysphagia remains unknown.
Barium ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Deglutition Disorders ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices ; Esophageal Stenosis ; Hepacivirus ; Humans ; Incidence ; Ligation ; Liver Diseases ; Lost to Follow-Up ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Varicose Veins

Liver cirrhosis patients are suffering from many complications, which are directly related to a poor prognosis. Although there have been many recent advances in diagnosis and treatment for varix and hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients, the standard practice for these conditions should consider the different medical resources and etiology of these liver diseases among various countries. The Korean Association for the Study of the Liver published in 2005 a clinical practice guideline for the treatment of cirrhosis complications, and this year, they revised the guideline for treating gastroesophageal varices and hepatic encephalopathy. This review summarizes the revised practice guideline and emphasizes the updated recommendation.
Diagnosis ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices ; Fibrosis ; Hepatic Encephalopathy ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Diseases ; Liver ; Prognosis ; Varicose Veins

Cervical varix is rare and can develop due to various conditions in pregnancy. Most cases of cervical varix during pregnancy are diagnosed in the second or third trimester and are usually associated with abnormal placental location, such as placenta previa or low-lying placenta. A 23-year-old woman with cervical varix bleeding visited our institution at 8 weeks of gestation. This case report describes cervical varix bleeding that developed into a venous thrombus in the first trimester. Ultrasonography with color Doppler and magnetic resonance imaging could be helpful in diagnosis.
Diagnosis ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Placenta ; Placenta Previa ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, First* ; Pregnancy Trimester, Third ; Pregnancy* ; Thrombosis* ; Ultrasonography ; Uterine Hemorrhage ; Varicose Veins* ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: The most common cause of hemorrhage after paracentesis is direct needle puncture of the inferior epigastric artery (IEA). This study examined the relationship between the amount of the ascites and the location of the IEA in liver cirrhosis. METHODS: Abdominal computed tomography (CT) examinations of patients with liver cirrhosis were reviewed retrospectively and divided into two groups according to the amount of ascites. The distances between the midline and the IEAs of both sides were measured at the umbilicus, McBurney's point, anterior superior iliac spine, and mid-inguinal level. Branching of the IEAs, abdominal wall and mesenteric varices in the abdomen below the umbilicus level were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 120 abdominal CTs were reviewed. The distances from the midline to the IEA in the large ascites group were longer than those in the small ascites group at the level of the right McBurney's point (44.5±14.6 mm vs. 39.6±11.8 mm, P=0.043) and left McBurney's point (48.6±15.3 mm vs. 43.3±11.5 mm, P=0.035). The incidence of abdominal wall varices was higher in the large ascites group (21.7% vs. 5.0%, P=0.014). CONCLUSION: In patients with liver cirrhosis, the large amount of ascites might be associated with lateralizing the location of the IEA. Moreover, it may be necessary to confirm the blood vessels in the abdominal wall and mesentery near the puncture site by bedside ultrasound before the paracentesis.
Abdomen ; Abdominal Wall ; Ascites ; Blood Vessels ; Epigastric Arteries ; Hemoperitoneum ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Incidence ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver ; Mesentery ; Needles ; Paracentesis ; Punctures ; Retrospective Studies ; Spine ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ultrasonography ; Umbilicus ; Varicose Veins