Isolated rabbit aortic ring with intact endothelial cell preparations precontracted with NE (10(-7) M) were relaxed by vanadate in a dose dependent manner (from 0.2 to 2 mM). Application of vanadate and ACh during the tonic phase of high K+(100 mM)-induced contraction showed a slight relaxation in contrast to that in NE-induced contraction, but sodium nitroprusside (10 microM) more effectively relaxed the aortic ring preparations in high K+ contraction than that of vanadate. Vanadate-induced relaxation in NE-contracted aortic rings was reversed by application of BaCl2 (50 microM) or glibenclamide (10 microM). Furthermore, Vanadate hyperpolarized membrane potential of smooth muscle cells in endothelium-intact aortic strips and this effect was abolished by application of glibenclamide. The above results suggest that vanadate release EDHF (Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor), in addition to EDRF (Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor) from endothelial cell. This EDHF hyperpolarize the smooth muscle cell membrane potential via opening of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel and close a voltage dependent Ca++ channel. So it is suggested that the vanadate-induced relaxation of rabbit thoracic aortic rings may be due to the combined effects of EDRF and EDHF.
Animal ; Aorta/drug effects/physiology ; In Vitro ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Potassium/pharmacology ; Potassium Channels/physiology ; Rabbits ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacology ; Vanadates/*pharmacology ; Vasodilation/*drug effects

The effects of vanadate on cellular Ca2+ movements across the sarcolemma of cardiac muscle cells were investigated by measuring the intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ activities of guinea pig papillary muscle with Ca2+-selective electrodes. During the rest period following a steady-state of 2 contractions per second the extracellular Ca2+ concentration was increased over the basal level within a minute. During the rest period Ca2+ was transported across the sarcolemma into the extracellular space. Vanadate decreased the change in extracellular Ca2+ concentration during the rest period implying that the Ca2+ efflux across the sarcolemma was decreased by vanadate. Vanadate increased intracellular Ca2+ activities significantly (from 1.9 X 10(-7) M to 10(-6)M) resulting in an increase in resting tension. These results suggest that vanadate decreases Ca2+ efflux from the cells into the extracellular space by blocking Ca2+ transport across the sarcolemma, possibly blocking the Na+-Ca2+ exchange transport.
Animal ; Calcium/metabolism* ; Female ; Guinea Pigs ; Ion Channels/drug effects* ; Male ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Papillary Muscles/drug effects* ; Vanadates ; Vanadium/pharmacology*

To screen potential human soluble protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitors, a high-throughput screening (HTS) model in 384-well microplate with total volume of 50 microL was established. Recombinant PTP1B was cloned and expressed in E. coli. with its specific substrate 4-nitrophenyl phosphate disodium salt hexahydrate (PNPP). The HTS model was based on enzyme reaction rate with enhanced sensitivity and specificity (Z' = 0.78). A total of 24,240 samples were screened, among them 80 samples with inhibition greater than 70% were selected for further rescreening. Finally, six compounds with high inhibitory activity were identified, whose IC50 values were 21.58, 18.39, 15.37, 11.92, 37.27, and 36.61 microg x mL(-1), separately. The results indicated that the method was stable, sensitive, reproducible and also suitable for high-throughput screening.
Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; methods ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; analysis ; pharmacology ; Escherichia coli ; metabolism ; High-Throughput Screening Assays ; methods ; Humans ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1 ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Vanadates ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of sodium metavanadate (SMV) on blood sugar and glucose phosphorylation in mice, and to discuss the possible mechanism of its hypoglycemic effects.

METHODSDiabetic mice (D) and control mice (V) were randomly allocated to drink SMV (0.2 mg/ml) (CV and DV groups) or NaCl (80 mmol/L) (C and V groups) respectively. The study lasted for 5 weeks. Liver glucokinase, muscle hexokinase, blood glucose and insulin were assayed at the end of each week.

RESULTSBlood glucose was higher in the diabetic groups before the administration of SMV, and the blood glucose level of group DV decreased from (18.77 +/- 1.28) to (8.94 +/- 0.94) mmol/L (P < 0.01) after oral administration of SMV for one week. While liver glucokinase increased from (1.29 +/- 0.64) to (15.36 +/- 1.57) mIU/min/mg protein and muscle hexokinase increased from (1.93 +/- 0.50) to (18.62 +/- 1.71) mIU/min/mg protein (P < 0.01) respectively. There was no continuous change of these parameters during the later weeks. No significant change of serum insulin was observed in the diabetic mice. There was a remarkable negative correlation of blood glucose level with liver glucokinase and muscle hexokinase levels.

CONCLUSIONThe hypoglycemic effects of SMV was independent of insulin level. In consideration of the close relations of the activities of liver glucokinase and muscle hexokinase with diabetes, and the improving of impaired glucose phosphorylation in diabetic mice by oral sodium metavanadate, which might be the mechanism of hypoglycemic effects of SMV.

Animals ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; blood ; Female ; Glucokinase ; metabolism ; Hexokinase ; metabolism ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; pharmacology ; Insulin ; blood ; Liver ; metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Muscle, Skeletal ; metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Random Allocation ; Vanadates ; pharmacology

In order to investigate the role and the mechanism of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) signaling pathway in the regulation of proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in lymphoma cells, the effects of sodium orthovanadate, Na(3)VO(4), a specific PTPase inhibitor, were explored on Raji lymphoblast-like cell line by MTT assay and CFU-Raji culture, morphologic observation, DNA gel electrophoresis, FCM and RT-PCR. Results showed that MTT assay and CFU-Raji culture demonstrated that sodium or thovanadate inhibited the growth of Raji cells in a concentration-dependent fashion; morphologic observations showed that Raji cells exhibited cytoplasm shrinkage, cytoplasm membrane blebbing, nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation forming crescents along nuclear membrane characteristic of apoptosis in the presence of Na(3)VO(4); DNA gel electrophoresis revealed typical DNA ladder reminiscent of DNA cleavage at internucleosomal sites in Na(3)VO(4) treated cells; FCM and RT-PCR indicated that Na(3)VO(4) intervention increased the fraction of annexin V(+) PI(-) cells, reduced the value of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, induced G(2)/M arrest and down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 and cyclin B1 at both mRNA and protein level in a concentration-dependent manner. It was concluded that PTPase pathway might be implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis, and PTPase specific inhibitor Na(3)VO(4) could induce Raji cell growth inhibition, G(2)/M arrest and apoptosis via down-regulation of Bcl-2 and cyclin B1, and reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential.
Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Division ; drug effects ; Cyclin B ; analysis ; Cyclin B1 ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Leukocyte Common Antigens ; analysis ; Membrane Potentials ; drug effects ; Mitochondria ; drug effects ; physiology ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Vanadates ; pharmacology

We investigated the mechanism of Cl- secretion by fluoroaluminate(AlF4-) and sodium orthovanadate(vanadate) using the human colonic T84 cell line. T84 cell monolayers grown on collagen-coated filters were mounted in Ussing chambers to measure short circuit current(ISC). Serosal addition of AlF4- or vanadate to T84 monolayers produced a sustained increase in ISC. Removal of Ca2+ from the serosal bathing solution partially inhibited AlF4-(-)and vanadate-induced ISC, and readministration of Ca2+ restored AlF4-(-)and vanadate-induced ISC. Carbachol application in the presence of forskolin, AlF4- or vanadate induced a synergistic increase of ISC. Forskolin and vanadate significantly increased cellular cAMP level, while carbachol and AlF4- did not. Carbachol, AlF4- and vanadate significantly increased [Ca2+]i. After Na+ in mucosal bathing solution was replaced with K+, and the mucosal membrane of T84 cell was permeabilized with amphotericin B, AlF4-, vanadate, and carbachol increased K+ conductance, but forskolin did not. After sodium chloride in serosal bathing solution was replaced with sodium gluconate and the serosal membrane was permeabilized with nystatin, forskolin, AlF4-, and vanadate increased Cl- conductance, but carbachol did not. AlF4-(-)induced ISC was remarkably inhibited by the pretreatment of pertussis toxin(2 micrograms/ml) for 2 hours. These results indicate that AlF4- and vanadate can increase Cl- secretion via simultaneous stimulation of Cl- channel and K+ channel in T84 cells. However, the AlF4- action is mostly attributed to stimulation of pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins, whereas the vanadate action mostly results from G protein-independent mechanisms.
Aluminum/*pharmacology ; Amphotericin B/pharmacology ; Carbachol/pharmacology ; Cell Polarity ; Cells, Cultured/drug effects ; Chloride Channels/drug effects/*physiology ; Chlorides/*physiology ; Colon ; Electrophysiology ; Fluorine/*pharmacology ; Forskolin/pharmacology ; GTP-Binding Proteins/physiology ; Human ; Pertussis Toxin ; Potassium/pharmacology ; Potassium Channels/drug effects/physiology ; Second Messenger Systems ; Signal Transduction ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Vanadates/*pharmacology ; Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology

Pervanadate, a complex of vanadate and H2O2, has an insulin mimetic effect, and acts as an inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase. Pervanadate-induced phospholipase D (PLD) activation is known to be dependent on the tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins and protein kinase C (PKC) activation, and yet underlying molecular mechanisms are not clearly understood. Here, we investigated the signaling pathway of pervanadate-induced PLD activation in Rat2 fibroblasts. Pervanadate increased PLD activity in dose- and time- dependent manner. Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, blocked PLD activation. Interestingly, AG-1478, a specific inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) blocked not only the PLD activation completely but also phosphorylation of p38 mitogen- activated protein kinase (MAPK). However, AG-1295, an inhibitor specific for the tyrosine kinase activity of pletlet drived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) did not show any effect on the PLD activation by pervanadate. We further found that pervanadate increased phosphorylation levels of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, blocked the PLD activation completely. However, the inhibitions of ERK by the treatment of PD98059 or of JNK by the overexpression of JNK interacting peptide JBD did not show any effect on pervanadate-induced PLD activation. Inhibition or down-regulation of PKC did not alter the pervanadate-induced PLD activation in Rat2 cells. Thus, these results suggest that pervanadate-induced PLD activation is coupled to the transactivation of EGFR by pervanadate resulting in the activation of p38 MAP kinase.
Animals ; Cell Line ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Fibroblasts ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Phospholipase D/*metabolism ; Rats ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/*agonists/*metabolism ; Vanadates/*pharmacology ; src-Family Kinases/metabolism

Diverse signaling pathways have been proposed to regulate store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) in a wide variety of cell types. However, it still needs to be determined if all of these known pathways operate in a single cell type. In this study, we examined involvement of various signaling molecules in SOCE using human fibroblast cells (HSWP). Bradykinin (BK)-stimulated Ca2+ entry, previously shown to be via SOCE, is enhanced by the addition of vanadate, an inhibitor of tyrosine phosphatases. Furthermore, SOCE is regulated by cytochrome P-450, as demonstrated by the fact that the products of cytochrome P-450 activity (14,15 EET) stimulated SOCE while econazole, an inhibitor of cytochrome P450, suppressed BK-stimulated Ca2+ entry. In contrast, Ca2+ entry was unaffected by the guanylate cyclase inhibitor LY83583, or the membrane permeant cyclic GMP analog 8-bromo-cyclic GMP (8-Br-cGMP). Neither nitric oxide donors nor phorbol esters affected BK-stimulated Ca2+ entry. SOCE in HSWP cells is primarily regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation and the cytochrome P-450 pathway, but not by cyclic GMP, nitric oxide, or protein kinase C. Thus, multiple pathways do operate in a single cell type leading to the activation of Ca2+ entry and some of these signaling pathways are more prominently involved in regulating calcium entry in different cell types.
Vanadates/pharmacology ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Protein-Tyrosine-Phosphatase/*metabolism ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Humans ; Fibroblasts ; Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Econazole/pharmacology ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Calcium Channels/*metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Bradykinin/pharmacology

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are important in the regulation of cell proliferation and signaling cascade. In order to examine whether phosphatase activity of CPTP1 and HPTP1B, typical nontransmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase, could be controlled by phosphorylation, affinity-purified PTPs were phosphorylated by CKII and p56lck in vitro. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that CPTP1 was phosphorylated on both serine and threonine residues by CKII, and tyrosine residue by p56lck. Phosphatase activity of CPTP1 was gradually increased by three-fold concomitant with phosporylation by CKII. Phosphorylation of HPTP1B by CKII resulted in quick two-fold enhancement of its phosphatase activity within 5 min of incubation and remained in that state. In the presence of CKII inhibitor, heparin or poly(Glu.Tyr), both phosphorylation and enhancement of phosphatase activity of CPTP1 and HPTP1B were mostly blocked. p56lck catalyzed tyrosine phosphorylation of CPTP1 and HPTP1B was only observed by inhibiting the intrinsic tyrosine phosphatase activity. Taken together, these results indicate that CPTP1 or HPTP1B possesses a capability to regulate its phosphatase activity through phosphorylation processes and may participate in the cellular signal cascades.
Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animal ; Chickens ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Heparin/pharmacology ; Human ; Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism* ; Peptides/pharmacology ; Phosphorus Radioisotopes/diagnostic use ; Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism* ; Protein-Tyrosine-Phosphatase/metabolism* ; Tyrosine/metabolism ; Vanadates/pharmacology

Oxidative stress has been implicated in mediation of vascular disorders. In the presence of vanadate, H2O2 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PLD1, protein kinase C-a (PKC-a), and other unidentified proteins in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Interestingly, PLD1 was found to be constitutively associated with PKC-a in VSMCs. Stimulation of the cells by H2O2 and vanadate showed a concentration-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of the proteins in PLD1 immunoprecipitates and activation of PLD. Pretreatment of the cells with the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of H2O2-induced PLD activation. PKC inhibitor and down-regulation of PKC abolished H2O2-stimulated PLD activation. The cells stimulated by oxidative stress (H2O2) caused increased cell migration. This effect was prevented by the pretreatment of cells with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, PKC inhibitors, and 1-butanol, but not 3-butanol. Taken together, these results suggest that PLD might be involved in oxidative stress-induced migration of VSMCs, possibly via tyrosine phosphorylation and PKC activation.
Animals ; Cell Movement/drug effects/*physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Genistein/pharmacology ; Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology/*physiology ; *Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Phospholipase D/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Protein Kinase C/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Vanadates/pharmacology ; Vascular Diseases/metabolism