Achalasia is rare disorder with an estimated prevalence of 0.5~1 per 100,000 per year and secondary achalasia due to trauma is rarer. The following case report describes a patient who developed achalasia after chest trauma. This report presents a 22 year-old male with chest trauma who had hoarseness and postprandial reflux. We suggested the achalasia through video-fluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS), and confirmed superior and recurrent laryngeal neuropathies through laryngeal electromyography (EMG). VFSS and laryngeal EMG are helpful to diagnose the achalasia due to vagus nerve injury after chest trauma.
Deglutition ; Electromyography ; Esophageal Achalasia ; Hoarseness ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Thorax ; Vagus Nerve ; Vagus Nerve Injuries

Dysphagia secondary to peripheral cranial nerve injury originates from weak and uncoordinated contraction-relaxation of cricopharyngeal muscle. We report on two patients who suffered vagus nerve injury during surgery and showed sudden dysphagia by opening dysfunction of upper esophageal sphincter (UES). Videofluoroscopy-guided balloon dilatation of UES was performed. We confirmed an early improvement of the opening dysfunctions of UES, although other neurologic symptoms persisted. While we did not have a proper comparison of cases, the videofluoroscopy-guided balloon dilatation of UES is thought to be helpful for the early recovery of dysphagia caused by postoperative vagus nerve injury.
Cranial Nerve Injuries ; Deglutition Disorders ; Dilatation* ; Esophageal Sphincter, Upper* ; Humans ; Muscles ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Vagus Nerve Injuries* ; Vagus Nerve*

PURPOSE: This study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in intractable childhood onset epilepsy by reviewing our experiences. MEHTHOD: Involved in the study are five patients who underwent VNS from July 23th, 1999 and had been followed up over 12 months. We reviewed data prospectively collected with a focus on clinical features, therapeutic outcomes and safety, developmental progress, and EEG findings. RESULTS: Three patients were classified as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. One patient of the two remaining patients had gelastic seizure caused by hypothalamic harmatoma, while the other patient had partial seizure with secondary generalization. Among the 5 patients, one patient showed a seizure frequency reduction rate of about 50% from baseline in 3 months after VNS implantation and more than 90% in 12 months, 2 patients of about 50% in 3 months and of about 75% in 12 months, but the other two patients didn't show any change in seizure frequency. Side effects such as hoarseness, dyspnea during sleep and wound infection could be controlled simply through the adjustment of output current or wound revision. However, efficacy in cognitive function and EEG findings was not satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: VNS might be an effective adjunctive therapy for intractable childhood epilepsy and transient side effects can be controlled without discontinuation of VNS therapy.
Dyspnea ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy* ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Hoarseness ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Seizures ; Vagus Nerve Stimulation* ; Vagus Nerve* ; Wound Infection ; Wounds and Injuries

OBJECTIVE: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been used in epilepsy patients refractory to standard medical treatments and unsuitable candidates for resective or disconnective surgery. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of VNS to patients who had refractory result to epilepsy surgery and patients with post-traumatic epilepsy. METHODS: We analyzed the effect of VNS in 11 patients who had undergone previous epilepsy surgery and patients with intractable post-traumatic epilepsy associated with brain injury. All patients underwent VNS implantation between October 2005 and December 2006. RESULTS: We evaluated seizure frequency before and after implantation of VNS and maximum follow up period was 24 months. In the first 6 months, 11 patients showed an average of 74.3% seizure reduction. After 12 months, 10 patients showed 85.2% seizure reduction. Eighteen months after implantation, 9 patients showed 92.4% seizure reduction and 7 patients showed 97.2% seizure reduction after 24 months. Six patients were seizure-free at this time. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the VNS is a helpful treatment modality in patients with surgically refractory epilepsy and in patients with post-traumatic epilepsy due to severe brain injury.
Brain Injuries ; Electric Stimulation ; Epilepsy ; Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Seizures ; Vagus Nerve ; Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Various energy devices had been used in thyroid surgery. Aim of study is to develop canine model for recurrent laryngeal nerve injury by harmonic scalpel and to evaluate feasibility of using this model for evaluating the safety use of harmonic scalpel during thyroid surgery. Nine dogs were divided into 3 groups according to distance between harmonic scalpel application and recurrent laryngeal nerve; group 1 (1 mm), 2 (2 mm), and 3 (3 mm). Vocal cord function was assessed pre- and postoperatively using video laryngoscopy. Harmonic scalpel was applied adjacent to left recurrent laryngeal nerve and, two weeks later, right recurrent laryngeal nerve at assigned distances. Recurrent laryngeal nerves were evaluated for subacute and acute morphologic changes. Laryngoscopy demonstrated 3 abnormal vocal cords in group 1, 1 in group 2, and no in group 3 (P=0.020). Subacute histologic changes were observed in nerves with abnormal function. Acute histologic changes were observed 5/8 (62.5%) in group 1, 1/7 (14.3%) in group 2, and not in group 3. We developed canine model for recurrent laryngeal injury. The functional outcomes matched with the histologic changes. These warrant further study to determine the safety margin for energy device in vicinity of recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Animals ; Dogs ; Laryngoscopy ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries ; Thyroid Gland ; Vocal Cords

Humans ; Iatrogenic Disease ; prevention & control ; Monitoring, Intraoperative ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ; physiology ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries

Objective: To determine the prevalence of vocal cord paralysis among post thyroidectomy patients based on severity and laterality, and explore possible associations with age, sex, diagnosis and type of thyroid lesion and surgical procedure. Methods: Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Tertiary Government Training Hospital. Participants: Records of patients who underwent thyroidectomy under the Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery of the Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center from January 1, 2014 to June 30, 2021. Results: There were strong associations between the type of lesion and the presence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (V=.211, p=.001) and the diagnosis and the presence of RLNI (V=.245, p=.006). There were no significant associations between patient’s sex, age, diagnosis, type of thyroid lesion, surgical procedure with laterality and severity of RLNI. It was notable that all cases of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury were due to carcinoma only. Patients with malignant tumors were 2.8x (95% CI: 1.48-5.29) as likely to develop post surgical RLNI than those with benign tumors (p=.0015). Conclusion The factors that had a strong association with the presence of vocal cord paralysis among post-thyroidectomy patients were the diagnosis and type of thyroid lesion. Malignant thyroid lesions (specifically thyroid carcinoma) had a higher incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury compared to benign thyroid lesions. More data from different institutions and including other predisposing factors may confirm our findings.
Paralysis ; Vocal Cords ; Thyroidectomy ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries

Recovery from the laryngeal dysfunction caused by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury is not common. Recently, we have found that PEMS treatment improved the functional recovery rate and shortened the recovery time after RLN transection and reanastomosis in rat. In this study, we compared the morphology of RLN stumps according to their laryngeal functional status to investigate 1) the nerve morphology associated with functional recovery and 2) the possible underlying mechanism of persistent laryngeal dysfunction after RLN injury. We transected left RLN and then performed primary neurorrhaphy in Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36). They were randomly divided into PEMS and control groups. 19 animals (10 PEMS group, 7 control group and 2 normal control animals) survived until the end of the experiment were included in the morphological analysis. Both the proximal and distal segments of reanastomosed RLN were obtained and the ultrastructural study was done using transmission electron microscope. There is no prominent morphological difference between the PEMS and control groups. In the functional recovery group, the findings suggestive of nerve regeneration were prominent both in the proximal and distal segments. Many regenerating axons were also observed in the proximal segments of RLNs in non-recovery group. But findings such as degenerating axons, infiltration of macrophage and inflammatory cells, increased collagen fibrils were frequently observed in this group. Even in the distal segments of functional non-recovery group, prominent regenerative findings were observed in 9 out of 10 (4 out of 5 PEMS and all control group animals) samples. We could not find any regenerating findings in one case of the PEMS group. Through the above results, failure of the nerve regeneration is unlikely the main cause of functional non-recovery after RLN injury in rat. Possible other causes such as synkinesis or definite but inadequate nerve regeneration should be considered and needs further investigation.
Animals ; Axons ; Collagen ; Macrophages ; Nerve Regeneration* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries* ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve* ; Synkinesis

PURPOSE: Recently, Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been reported to show promising results as an adjunctive therapy for medically intractable seizures. We report early experiences with VNS for medically intractable epilepsy in young adults and pediatric patients. METHODS: Eleven patients ages ranging from 7 years to 29 years underwent implantation of vagal nerve stimulators (Cyberonics, Houston, TX) from September 1999 to April 2003. We reviewed clinical findings in 11 patients and recorded changes of seizure frequency, quality of life (QOL), and antiepileptic drug (AED). RESULTS: The mean age of seizure onset was 4.5 years old (range:3 months-11 years). The seizure duration before VNS was mean 8.7 years (range:1.5-19 years). Seven patients had symptomatic partial epilepsies, and one had cryptogenic partial epilepsy. Unclassified patients had 2 Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and 1 reflex epilepsy. Two patients received total callosotomy for reducing drop attack, but refractory. One patient, who underwent a temporal lobectomy, failed to obtain desirable results. One implantation was performed with total callosotomy, simultaneously. All of implantations were successful, except for one wound revision due to a subcutaneously protruded anchoring device of electrode. About two weeks after the implantation, programming of the stimuli was started and increased the output current to the levels, at which patients was tolerated. The most common adverse effect was hoarseness or voice alteration (44%). Mean reduction of seizure frequency compared with baseline before VNS was 23.6% after 3 months, 33.5% after 6 months, 41.3% after 1 year, and 46.6% at latest follow-up. Three patients had no response to VNS. One patient was added 1 one new AED after VNS. Two patients were reduced 1 or 2 drugs. But there was no correlation between VNS effect and AED change. Six patients had some improvement of QOL. Mean follow-up period, which was 28 months (range:12-48 months). CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that VNS has a role of adjunctive therapy for medically intractable epilepsy and the further studies should be focused on the prediction of unresponsiveness and the adjustment of VNS parameters for maximal efficacy in patients with various backgrounds.
Electrodes ; Epilepsies, Partial ; Epilepsy* ; Epilepsy, Reflex ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hoarseness ; Humans ; Quality of Life ; Seizures ; Syncope ; Vagus Nerve Stimulation* ; Vagus Nerve* ; Voice ; Wounds and Injuries ; Young Adult

Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury can develop following cervical or thoracic surgery; however, few reports have described intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring. Consensus regarding the use of this technique during thoracic surgery is lacking. We used intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring in a patient with contralateral vocal cord paralysis who was scheduled for completion pneumonectomy. This case serves as an example of intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring during thoracic surgery and supports this indication for its use.
Consensus ; Humans ; Monitoring, Intraoperative ; Pneumonectomy ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve* ; Thoracic Surgery ; Vocal Cord Paralysis* ; Vocal Cords*