EV71 infection has become a serious public health threat especially among young children. Yet, at present, no specific antiviral drug against EV71 infection is available. A number of scientists are studying various kinds of vaccines, including inactivated vaccine, virus-like particle vaccine, DNA vaccine, synthetic peptide vaccines, and transgenic oral vaccine. This article reviews the recent advancement in the design of various kinds of vaccine against EV71 as well as their prospective usefulness, effectiveness, weakness and developments in the foreground.
Enterovirus A, Human ; immunology ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; immunology ; Vaccines, DNA ; immunology ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; immunology

Influenza, caused by influenza virus, is a serious respiratory illness which poses a global public health threat. Vaccination is the primary strategy for the prevention and control of influenza. Although both inactivated vaccines and the live attenuated vaccines are effective in preventing influenza, the current vaccines have poor efficacy in the elderly and fail to provide protection against heterosubtype viruses. Development of a safer and more effective influenza vaccine that provides broad cross protection, overcoming the intrinsic limitation of the current vaccines, has been a scientific challenge. During the past decades, structural biology, reverse genetic and other virological technologies developed quickly and sped the progress of influenza vaccinology. Some new strategies for developing influenza vaccine have been generated, produced encouraging results, which showed great prospect as next-generation of influenza vaccines.
Disease Outbreaks ; prevention & control ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ; immunology ; Humans ; Influenza Vaccines ; biosynthesis ; immunology ; Influenza, Human ; immunology ; prevention & control ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae ; immunology ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; immunology ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; immunology

BACKGROUNDThe etiologic agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been confirmed to be a novel coronavirus (CoV), namely SARS-CoV. Developing safe and effective SARS-CoV vaccines is essential for us to prevent the possible reemergence of its epidemic. Previous experiences indicate that inactivated vaccine is conventional and more hopeful to be successfully developed. Immunogenicity evaluation of an experimental inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine in rabbits was conducted and reported in this paper.

METHODSThe large-scale cultured SARS-CoV F69 strain was inactivated with 0.4% formaldehyde and purified, then used as the immunogen combined with Freund's adjuvant. Eight adult New Zealand rabbits were immunized four times with this experimental inactivated vaccine. Twelve sets of rabbit serum were sampled from the third day to the seventy-fourth day after the first vaccination. The titers of specific anti-SARS-CoV IgG antibody were determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the neutralizing antibody titers were detected with micro-cytopathic effect neutralization test.

RESULTSRapid and potent humoral immune responses were induced by the inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine in all the eight test rabbits. Titers of both specific IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody peaked at about six weeks after first vaccination, with the maximum value of 1:81 920 and 1:20 480, respectively. After that, serum antibody levels remained at a plateau or had a slight decrease, though two boosters were given in the succedent 4 to 5 weeks. Cross neutralization response existed between SARS-CoV F69 strain and Z2-Y3 strain.

CONCLUSIONSThe inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine made from F69 strain owns strong immunogenicity, and the cross neutralization response between the two different SARS-CoV strains gives a hint of the similar neutralizing epitopes, which provide stable bases for the development of inactivated SARS-CoV vaccines.

Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Immunoglobulin G ; blood ; Neutralization Tests ; Rabbits ; SARS Virus ; immunology ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; immunology

One of the major cause of recent acute viral hepatitis in Korean adults is hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Most of hepatitis A cases are young adults in their twenties or thirties, and the severity of the disease is related to the age of patients. The seroprevalence of HAV among the adolescents and young adults in their teens and twenties is about 10%, which suggests that a growing number of young adults are susceptible to HAV infection. Development of more adult cases with severe presentation is expected in the near future, and some preliminary data suggest the incidence rate of hepatitis A in Korea might be higher than 20/100,000 population. This clinical features and the epidemiological shift of HAV urge to promote childhood vaccination and consider catch-up vaccination for adolescents and young adults. More extensive evaluation on the nationwide epidemiology of HAV infection, cost-benefit analysis of HAV vaccination, and setting-up of guidelines for HAV vaccination are urgently warranted.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Hepatitis A/immunology/*prevention & control ; Hepatitis A Antibodies/immunology ; *Hepatitis A Vaccines ; Humans ; Immunization Schedule ; Korea ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Vaccines, Inactivated

OBJECTIVETo evaluate safety and immunogenicity of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in HBsAg carriers and healthy children.

METHODSOne hundred and twenty-one healthy children and ten HBsAg carriers, aged 1-10 years HAV susceptible were enrolled in the study. The inactivated hepatitis A vaccine was produced by Tangshan Biogenetic Company. The dosage of the vaccine was 1000 U/Dosage and 500 U/Dosage. The vaccination schedule was six month apart for two injections. The serum anti-HAV level was detected with EIA at one month after first injection and at one and six month after the booster injection, respectively.

RESULTSThe anti-HAV appeared in all the children. One month after the booster injection, the serum anti-HAV level in children vaccinated 500 U/Dosage was 4684.9 mIU and 4535.6 mIU, respectively and in the children vaccinated 1000 U/Dosage, 5399.8 mIU and 7347.1 mIU, respectively. The anti-HAV level was not statistically different between the two groups of children. There was no adverse reaction after the vaccination. The anti-HAV level was still high one year after first injection.

CONCLUSIONSThe data indicated that the safety and immunogenicity of the domestic inactivated hepatitis A vaccine were excellent in both groups of children.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Hepatitis A Antibodies ; blood ; Hepatitis A Vaccines ; immunology ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; blood ; Humans ; Immunization ; Infant ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; immunology

OBJECTIVEUsing the advantages of Japanese encephalitis live attenuated and inactivated vaccine, to reduce the rate of immunization reaction and to increase the effect, we conducted a study on the strategy of immunization in Japanese encephalitis using live attenuated vaccine combined with inactivated vaccine.

METHODSObserving the safety and immune effects of different groups.

RESULTSData on side effect showed that the rate of moderate and severe systematic reactions of the group who were inoculated with combined vaccine was 0.73%, with local reaction 1.46% while the combined rate of moderate and severe systematic reaction of the group who were inoculated with inactivated vaccine was 2.8%. Under the detection of serum neutralizing antibody, the GMT rose from 1:1.05 - 1:3.35 before vaccination to 1:47.34 - 1:101.30 after vaccination in the different groups. Neutralizing antibody was detected in 97.67% of the combined group. There was a significant difference by comparing neutralizing antibody seroconversion rate of the combined group with the inactivated group (chi(2) = 3.89, P < 0.05), but no significant difference with attenuated group (chi(2) = 0.74, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONResults showed that in children who previously had been immunized with two doses of inactivated vaccine, the booster administration of live attenuated vaccine was both effective and safe.

Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Child, Preschool ; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunization ; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; immunology ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; immunology ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; immunology

Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology* ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology* ; COVID-19/virology* ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology* ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity* ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology* ; Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology*

OBJECTIVETo evaluate immunogenicity after primary vaccination by different sequential program of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV).

METHODSChildren of 2 months old (60-89 days) selected in Beijing were assigned to 4 groups, 1 dose IPV plus 2 doses OPV (I-O-O, 122 children), 2 doses IPV plus 1 dose OPV(I-I-O, 103 children), 3 doses IPV (I-I-I, 114 children), and 3 doses OPV (O-O-O, 106 children), and were vaccinated at the age of 2, 3, 4 months. Polio neutralizing antibody titers against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 were tested and protective rates were calculated before the 1st dose, after the last dose, and after the 1st and 2nd dose of IPV.

RESULTSAfter the primary immunization, geometric mean titers (GMT) of polio neutralizing antibody titers against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 were 788.32, 738.42 and 631.17 in O-O-O group, 212.02, 262.30 and 537.52 in I-I-I group, 940.35, 929.72 and 940.35 in I-O-O group and 901.09, 1102.68 and 1110.12 in I-I-O group (F values were 47.71, 53.84, and 9.81 respectively, all P values<0.01). The protective rate of three types among each group was 98.1% (104/106)-100.0% and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). After the 1(st) dose of IPV, the GMT were 18.88, 37.77, 24.64 and the protective rate was 82.6% (122/138)-96.4% (133/138); after the 2nd dose of IPV, GMT were 177.03, 168.25, 321.86 and the protective rate was 99.1% (108/109)-100.0% (109/109) in antibody types 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

CONCLUSIONGMT of polio neutralizing antibody titers against poliovirus is higher after vaccination by sequential program of IPV and OPV than that by IPV or OPV 3-doses program. High level of protective rate after 2 doses of IPV in I-I-O group may lead to better protection from vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Sequential program of IPV and OPV can be used to maintain high level of herd immunity and to prevent VAPP, and the I-I-O sequential program should be the first choice.

Humans ; Immunization Schedule ; Infant ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated ; administration & dosage ; immunology ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ; administration & dosage ; immunology ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; immunology

Humans ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; immunology ; SARS Virus ; immunology ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ; prevention & control ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Vaccines, DNA ; immunology ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; immunology ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; immunology ; Virion ; immunology

In Korea, several outbreaks of low pathogenic AI (H9N2) viral infections leading to decreased egg production and increased mortality have been reported on commercial farms since 1996, resulting in severe economic losses. To control the H9N2 LPAI endemic, the Korea Veterinary Authority has permitted the use of the inactivated H9N2 LPAI vaccine since 2007. In this study, we developed a killed vaccine using a low pathogenic H9N2 AI virus (A/chicken/Korea/ADL0401) and conducted safety and efficacy tests in commercial layer farms while focusing on analysis of factors that cause losses to farms, including egg production rate, egg abnormality, and feed efficiency. The egg production rate of the control group declined dramatically 5 days after the challenge. There were no changes in feed consumption of all three groups before the challenge, but rates of the control declined afterward. Clinical signs in the vaccinated groups were similar, and a slight decline in feed consumption was observed after challenge; however, this returned to normal more rapidly than the control group and commercial layers. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the safety and efficacy of the vaccine are adequate to provide protection against the AI field infection (H9N2) epidemic in Korea.
Animals ; Chickens ; Emulsions ; Female ; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/*immunology ; Influenza Vaccines/*immunology/*standards ; Influenza in Birds/immunology/prevention & control ; Oviparity ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology