Meningococcal vaccines in the Chinese market include meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine, meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine, and a combined vaccine. Meningococcal conjugate vaccines immunization schedules vary by vaccine manufacturer, and often cause confusion in immunization practices. Based on the epidemiological characteristics of meningococcal disease, serogroup distribution of Neisseria meningitidis, and research progress on the immunogenicity and safety of meningococcal vaccines, we developed an experts' consensus on immunization with meningococcal vaccines to provide guidance for immunization providers and for centers for disease control and prevention staff.
China ; Consensus ; Humans ; Immunization ; Meningococcal Infections/prevention & control* ; Meningococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage* ; Vaccines, Conjugate

Pneumococcal disease is one of the serious global public health problems, and an important leading cause of the morbidity and mortality of children and adults in China. Currently, antibiotics are the most choices for its clinical treatment. However, antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae has become a severe problem around the world due to the wide use of antibiotics. Hence, the prevention of pneumococcal disease by using pneumococcal vaccines is of great importance. In this article, we reviewed the etiology, clinic, epidemiology, disease burden of pneumococcal disease, and the vaccinology of pneumococcal vaccines, based on the Pneumococcal Vaccines WHO Position Paper (2012) and other latest evidence globally, to introduce comprehensive knowledge of pneumococcal disease, and for the purpose to improve the capacity of the professionals working on pneumococcal disease control and prevention and to provide appropriate evidences of pneumococcal vaccine applications for people who are engaged in public health and immunization vaccination.
Adult ; Child ; China/epidemiology* ; Consensus ; Humans ; Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control* ; Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage* ; Public Health ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology* ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Conjugate/administration & dosage*

Pneumococcal disease is a serious global public health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality of children and adults in China. Antibiotics are commonly used to treat pneumococcal disease. However, antibiotic resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae has become a severe problem around the world due to widespread antibiotic use. Immunoprophylaxis of pneumococcal disease with pneumococcal vaccines is therefore of great importance. In this article, we review the etiology, clinical presentation, epidemiology, and disease burden of pneumococcal disease and the vaccinology of pneumococcal vaccines. Our review is based on the Expert Consensus on Immunoprophylaxis of Pneumococcal Disease (2017 version), the Pneumococcal Vaccines WHO Position Paper (2019), and recent national and international scientific advances. This consensus article aims to provide public health and vaccination staff with appropriate evidence for pneumococcal vaccine use and to improve professional capacity for pneumococcal disease prevention and control.
Adult ; Child ; China/epidemiology* ; Consensus ; Humans ; Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control* ; Pneumococcal Vaccines/therapeutic use* ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology* ; Vaccines, Conjugate/administration & dosage*

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the safety of meningococcal group AC bivalent polysaccharide conjugate vaccine among children aged 5-24 months old.

METHODSFrom July 2011 to June 2012, a total of 34 411 children aged 5-24 month-old who voluntarily vaccinated meningococcal group AC bivalent polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in Zhongshan city were included. The adverse effects within 72 hours were recorded and analyzed.

RESULTS34 411 children were recruited, including 18 708 boys (54.36%), whose mean age were ( 11.4 ± 3.9 ) months old.Within 72 hours, the incidence rates of local adverse effects were 0.76% (261/34 411) for erythema,0.57% (197/34 411) for sclerosis,0.56% (191/34 411) for swelling,0.42% (143/34 411) for pain,0.15% (53/34 411) for pruritus, and 0.15% (50/34 411) for rash on the injection site. The overall incidence rate of local adverse effects was 1.61% (554/34 411; 95%CI:1.48%-1.74%). The incidence rates of systemic adverse effects were 0.98% (312/34 411) for fever,0.48% (164/34 411) for anorexia,0.31% (108/34 411) for diarrhea,0.29% (100/34 411) for malaise,0.20% (70/34 411) for nausea and vomiting, and 0.08% (26/34 411) for headache. The overall incidence rate of systemic adverse effects was 1.64% (565/34 411; 95%CI:1.51%-1.78%).25 children (0.07%) had hyperpyrexia ( > 39°C), and the time of duration lasted less than 48 hours.16 children (0.05%) had symptoms of cold, such as cough and catarrh.No accident and other serious events were reported. The incidence rate of systemic adverse effects among boys was 1.79% (334/18 708), which was higher than that of girls (1.47%, 231/15 703), the difference showed statistical significance (χ(2) = 5.22, P < 0.01). The incidence rate of systemic adverse effects among children aged 5-12 month-old was 1.78% (411/23 113), which was higher than that among children aged 13-24 month-old (1.36%, 154/11 298), the difference showed statistical significance (χ(2) = 8.10, P < 0.01). The incidence rate of local adverse effects in children vaccinated the first dose was 1.72% (536/31 129), which was higher than that in children vaccinated the second or third dose (0.55%, 18/3282), the difference showed statistical significance (χ(2) = 25.81, P < 0.01). The incidence rate of systemic adverse effects in children vaccinated the first dose was 1.73% (539/31 129), which was higher than that in children vaccinated the second or third dose (0.79%, 26/5282), whose difference also showed statistical significance (χ(2) = 16.22, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe safety of meningococcal group AC bivalent polysaccharide conjugate vaccine among children aged 5-24 months old is relative good.

Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Meningitis, Meningococcal ; microbiology ; prevention & control ; Meningococcal Vaccines ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; immunology ; Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup A ; Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup C ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial ; immunology ; Vaccines, Conjugate ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; immunology