PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify the level of Human papillomavirus (HPV) knowledge, intention of HPV vaccination, and barriers on HPV vaccination among male undergraduate students of Health department and Non-health department. METHODS: A total of 149 male undergraduate students responded to self-administered questionnaires about their HPV knowledge, HPV vaccination intention, and their barriers on HPV vaccination. ANOVA, t-test and χ2 test (Fisher's exact test) were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Mean score of HPV knowledge was 3.39±3.05, and there was significant difference between Health department (4.15±3.08) and Non-health department (2.58±2.82) in HPV knowledge (t=3.241, p=.001). There was no significant difference in HPV vaccination acceptance between the two groups. The barriers on HPV vaccination were 'lack of information about HPV vaccine efficacy' and 'lack of information about HPV vaccination time and strategy', and there were significant differences in barriers on HPV vaccination between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The knowledge on HPV was low, and HPV vaccination was hindered due to lack of information about HPV vaccine despite their intention to obtain HPV vaccine. HPV education to promote HPV vaccination should be targeted among male students.
Education ; Humans ; Intention* ; Male* ; Papillomaviridae ; Statistics as Topic ; Vaccination*

Aged ; China ; Humans ; Influenza Vaccines ; Vaccination ; statistics & numerical data

OBJECTIVETo analyze the immunization status of category II vaccine in Chinese Mainland in 2012.

METHODSThe completeness of report unit by township and county, including 31 provinces (cities, municipalities) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, the number of doses and the number of counties covered for category II vaccine at different areas, average types of category II vaccine by county were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological methods, according to monthly report of vaccination data for category II vaccines by township in 2012 which all of provinces and population were almost covered, through the National Immunization Program(NIP) monitoring information system of China.

RESULTSA total of 29 kinds of category II vaccine with 90 843 530 doses were reported in 2012, and the total average dose was 674.2 per 10 000 people. The report completeness by county and township were 83.32% (29 557/35 472) and 80.01% (396 652/495 756) respectively. The reported doses of rabies vaccine for human use, Haemophilus influenza type b vaccine and influenza vaccine was the top third vaccine, among those for all kinds of category II vaccine, which were 17 027 259, 13 996 206, 11 324 518 respectively, and 126.4, 103.9, 84.1 doses per 10 000 people. In 2773 county units, varicella attenuated live vaccine, influenza vaccine, rabies vaccine for human use were the top three kinds of category II vaccine in terms of the number of county where vaccines have been used in 2012, which were 2442(88.06%), 2415(87.09%), 2366(85.32%) respectively. Guangdong province with 12 266 531 doses was the highest report doses for category II vaccine whereas Qinghai province with 57 767 doses was the lowest number in 2012. Regarding to the average report doses by province, the highest or lowest number was 2425.0 doses per 10 000 people in Shanghai province, and 101.7 doses per 10 000 people in Qinghai province separately.

CONCLUSIONMany kinds of category II vaccine with a large amount have been used in China, and there are significant different among areas. Surveillance and management for category II vaccines should be future improved.

China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; statistics & numerical data ; Population Surveillance ; Vaccination ; statistics & numerical data

Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Monitoring, Immunologic ; statistics & numerical data ; Vaccination ; statistics & numerical data

PURPOSE: The most effective and basic Tb preventive measure is BCG vaccination. Even though the Intradermal vaccination method in BCG vaccination is known to be the most accurate method in preventing the advanced Tb, nowdays most of the Korean civilian hospitals utilize multipuncture BCG vaccination method ,which is quite contrary to the national standard intradermal vaccination method. Therefore I decided to inform and educate the pregnant women who would be in a position to choose the BCG vaccination method. This will help them understand the BCG vaccination methods properly. We should urge the intradermal method which is acknowledged as the national standard vaccination method. METHODS: The questionnaire was mailed twice to 214 pregnant women requring the antenatal care who visited any of the 9 health centers in Busan from the period of Aug to Oct. 2007. The 1st questionnaire was done in 214 pregnant women prior to education concerning the BCG vaccination methods and Tb, and the 2nd questionnaire was done after education. Contents of the questionnaire were general knowledges for BCG vaccination method, intention of selection for BCG vaccination, knowledges for the adverse effect, etc. Data analysis was performed utilizing SPSS (ver12) and the pregnant women's change in concept was comparatively analyzed with percentage, chi-square -test . RESULTS: Considering the general characteristics of the pregnant women who participated in the study, the highest percentage was noticed in their 15-28 gestational weeks (60.8%), Age over 30 (70.1%), Education level-college graduate (76.6%). Recognition to the presence of two types BCG vaccination method was 27.6% before education and 95.3% after education which showed a marked improvement (p=0.0001). After education, 82.2% of pregnant women decided to choose intradermal BCG vaccination method at birth which was 23.4% before education (p=0.0003). Despite the fact that intradermal BCG method is the national standard vaccination method, some of them prefer multipuncture BCG vaccination method, because most of the scars (41.3%), the civilian hospitals do it (35.7%), because of the lack of the education and information from the health centers and public institutions (17.4%). The future selection of BCG vaccination methods as follows: before education, intradermal BCG vaccination 31.0%, multipuncture BCG vaccination 14.6%, uncertain 54.4%, and after education, intradermal BCG vaccination 72.4%, multipuncture BCG vaccination 2.8%, uncertain 24.8% (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The pregnant women were not fully aware of intradermal and multipuncture BCG vaccination methods. Through education and information, it was possible for them to thoroughly recognize the BCG vaccination methods. In order to urge the intradermal BCG vaccination method, the health centers and public institutions need to educate and inform the pregnant women regarding the intradermal BCG vaccination method which is the standard vaccination method in Korea.
Cicatrix ; Female ; Humans ; Intention ; Mycobacterium bovis ; Parturition ; Postal Service ; Pregnant Women ; Statistics as Topic ; Vaccination ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to compare the incidence rate of influenza-like illnesses between an influenza-vaccinated group and a non-vaccinated group of adults. METHODS: From July 1, 2015 to July 30, 2015, self-reporting questionnaires were given to 300 adults living in the Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, Korea. 265 survey questionnaires that had an earnest response were used for data analysis. The collected data were analyzed using the statistical software SPSS Win 18.0 version. RESULTS: 52.1% of the participants were vaccinated. The incidence rate of influenza-like illnesses was 11.3%. Within the influenza-vaccinated group, 12.3% experienced an influenza-like illness. On the other hand, in the non-vaccinated group, 10.2% experienced an influenza-like illness. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of influenza-like illness depending on vaccination status. CONCLUSION: During the influenza season from Fall 2014 to Spring 2015, there was no significant difference on the prevalence of influenza-like illness between the study participants whether they were vaccinated or not. Thus, future studies should confirm and closely examine this fact, whether it was a matter of pandemic strain selection or whether there were differences in the effects of adult influenza vaccination as reported in previous studies.
Adult ; Gyeonggi-do ; Hand ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Influenza, Human ; Korea ; Pandemics ; Prevalence ; Seasons ; Seoul ; Statistics as Topic ; Vaccination

Chickenpox ; prevention & control ; China ; Disease Outbreaks ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Schools ; Vaccination ; statistics & numerical data

OBJECTIVETo review the re-examination sampling method and procedure of national immunization survey for the national immunization program vaccines coverage at the township level by the national level in 2013, China.

METHODSAccording to the result of immunization coverage at the township level through self-assessment by county, all townships were stratified by whether a township with ≥ 90% immunization coverage for the second dose of measles-containing vaccines (MCV2), and a township was urban or rural. After then, 2 townships for each province were randomly sampled from those strata through the surveyselect procedure of the statistics analysis system 9.2 (SAS 9.2).

RESULTS64 townships were randomly sampled from 32 provincial units for the re-examination, i.e. an urban township and a rural township each province, of which there were 38 townships with ≥ 90% MCV2 coverage and 26 townships with < 90% MCV2 coverage. There were 24 urban townships, 2 rural townships with < 90% MCV2 coverage and 8 urban townships, 30 rural townships with ≥ 90% MCV2 coverage, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSBased on the information of the self-assessment result of immunization coverage survey by counties, Stratified randomized sampling were employed for the re-examination through the Surveyselect procedure of statistics analysis system (SAS) to implement the sampling procedure. This can enhance the sampling efficiency, ensure the randomness of the sample, and make the survey much more representative and comparable.

China ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunization Programs ; statistics & numerical data ; Measles Vaccine ; Rural Population ; Sampling Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population ; Vaccination ; statistics & numerical data ; Vaccines

We conducted an epidemiologic study to understand temporal and spatial patterns of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Republic of Korea (ROK). We estimated the incidence among civilians in endemic areas through the active surveillance system during the major epidemic periods, from September to December, between 1996 and 1998. We also estimated the prevalence among Korean military personnel from 1995 to 1998. In addition, we assessed seroprevalence, subclinical infection rate, and vaccination rates in both civilians and military personnel. The incidence in civilians ranged from 2.1 to 6.6 per 100, 000 person-months. The annual prevalence in the military personnel was 40-64 per 100, 000 military populations, and remained generally constant throughout the study period with seasonal variation. This is the prospective epidemiologic data set on HFRS in the ROK since the inactivated Hantaan virus vaccine was licensed for use in the late 1990s. These results will be invaluable in establishing a national immunization program against HFRS.
Vaccination/statistics & numerical data ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Seasons ; Population Surveillance ; Military Personnel ; Korea ; Incidence ; Humans ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Disease Outbreaks/*statistics & numerical data

OBJECTIVEThe expanded programme on immunization (EPI) is an important part of the social commonwealth projects providing health care service by the government, which benefits communities. Government has the responsibility for EPI's financing which should be covered by the national budget. It is essential that the cost of EPI service be scientifically estimated to provide propriety information for policy makers.

METHODSThis study, using the cost accounting theory of health economics, to calculate EPI service cost at different levels. 3 provinces, 3 prefectures, 9 counties, 18 towns and 12 villages were selected from three provinces Guizhou, Heilongjiang and Zhejiang from the western, central and eastern regions of the country.

RESULTSThe average costs for one EPI-targeted child in Guizhou, Heilongjiang and Zhejiang, were 15.68 Yuan, 29.00 Yuan and 31.09 Yuan, and the costs for one dose were 10.99 Yuan, 18.64 Yuan and 16.51 Yuan, respectively. The costs for complete immunization program for one child were 131.88 Yuan, 242.32 Yuan and 280.67 Yuan, respectively. The main factors affecting the cost would include the average personnel cost (salary and benefit cost) by different economic levels of areas, the number of EPI items developed, and the number of total doses for one child.

CONCLUSION(1) Obvious differences were found between different areas. (2) The proportion of the cost was not reasonably set because of the shortage of input. (3) Guideline for different areas to compensate the working item cost according to the number of the items should be formulated.

China ; epidemiology ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Health Expenditures ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; economics ; organization & administration ; Population Surveillance ; methods ; Program Evaluation ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Vaccination ; statistics & numerical data