Renal transplantation is still the most effective treatment for end stage renal disease up to date. Immunosuppression therapy can complicate the rejection and severe complications if it is used insufficient or excessive, which may lead to poor survival of patients and grafts . Currently and in the future, discovery of more sensitive biomarkers and better detection methods of allograft rejection and renal function is a major subject of clinical investigation and transplant medicine. This paper reviews the latest research progress in assessment of immune state and renal function after kidney transplantation.