Increased tortuosity of vessel is associated with high incidence of plaque formation leading to atherosclerosis.Surgical procedures are done after analyzing morphology of middle cerebral artery (MCA). However, literature describing MCA morphology using computed tomography angiography (CTA) is limited, so this study was planned to determine its incidence in Indian population. Datasets of CTA from 289 patients (180 males and 109 females), average age: 49.29±16.16 years (range: 11 to 85 years), from a tertiary care hospital were systematically reviewed for morphology of MCA. Cases involving aneurysms and infarcts were excluded. Four shapes of MCA were recognized: straight, U, inverted U, and S-shaped. MCA was straight in 44% (254/578), U-shaped in 37% (215/578), S shaped in 15% (89/578) and inverted U-shaped in 3% (20/578) cases. In males, MCA was straight in 46% (166/360), U-shaped in 37% (134/360), S-shaped in 16% (58/360) and inverted U-shaped in 4% (14/360) cases. In females, MCA was straight in 42% cases (92/218), U-shaped in 37% (81/218), S-shaped in 17% (36/218) and inverted U-shaped in 4% (9/218). On comparing shape with various age groups using chi square test, U shaped (P≤0.001) and S-shaped (P=0.003) MCA were found to be statistically significant. The incidence of straight shape was higher in advanced age group (>60 years). Knowledge of MCA shape will be useful for clinicians and surgeons in successful endovascular recanalization. Also, this data would help surgeons during neurointerventional procedures.

To review morphometry, morphology, branching patterns and anomalies of middle cerebral artery (MCA). The databases of PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus were searched with different keywords. The review comprised of 45 studies.Meta-analysis was done for dimensions of MCA, shapes, patterns and MCA anomalies. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for assessment of literature. Statistical analysis was done using R software using meta package. Thirteen research were combined to determine the proportion of MCA length and pooled proportion was 16.53 cm (15.33 to 17.72 cm); I2 =98%; P-value<0.01.Nine studies were combined to determine proportion of MCA diameter and pooled proportion was 2.85 cm (2.52 to 3.17 cm); I2 =100%; P-value<0.05. M1 segment mean length is more on left side as compared to right side. Mean length in males (16.57±1.40 cm) is more than females (15.9±1.32 cm). Mean diameter of M1 segment is similar on both sides. Mean diameter in males (3.20±0.09 cm) is higher than females (3.14±0.18 cm). Different branching patterns observed were single trunk, early bifurcation, bifurcation, trifurcation, quadrifurcation and multiple trunks. The most typical MCA branching pattern is bifurcation. The shapes of MCA like straight shaped, U shaped, C shaped, inverted U shaped and S-shaped of M1 segment have been described. Straight MCA is the most common shape. The MCA measurements and branching pattern will assist surgeons in limiting errors in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms and infarcts and providing the best possible result for the patients. An understanding of MCA shape will aid surgeons and physicians in effective endovascular recanalization.

To review morphometry, morphology, branching patterns and anomalies of middle cerebral artery (MCA). The databases of PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus were searched with different keywords. The review comprised of 45 studies.Meta-analysis was done for dimensions of MCA, shapes, patterns and MCA anomalies. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for assessment of literature. Statistical analysis was done using R software using meta package. Thirteen research were combined to determine the proportion of MCA length and pooled proportion was 16.53 cm (15.33 to 17.72 cm); I2 =98%; P-value<0.01.Nine studies were combined to determine proportion of MCA diameter and pooled proportion was 2.85 cm (2.52 to 3.17 cm); I2 =100%; P-value<0.05. M1 segment mean length is more on left side as compared to right side. Mean length in males (16.57±1.40 cm) is more than females (15.9±1.32 cm). Mean diameter of M1 segment is similar on both sides. Mean diameter in males (3.20±0.09 cm) is higher than females (3.14±0.18 cm). Different branching patterns observed were single trunk, early bifurcation, bifurcation, trifurcation, quadrifurcation and multiple trunks. The most typical MCA branching pattern is bifurcation. The shapes of MCA like straight shaped, U shaped, C shaped, inverted U shaped and S-shaped of M1 segment have been described. Straight MCA is the most common shape. The MCA measurements and branching pattern will assist surgeons in limiting errors in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms and infarcts and providing the best possible result for the patients. An understanding of MCA shape will aid surgeons and physicians in effective endovascular recanalization.

To review morphometry, morphology, branching patterns and anomalies of middle cerebral artery (MCA). The databases of PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus were searched with different keywords. The review comprised of 45 studies.Meta-analysis was done for dimensions of MCA, shapes, patterns and MCA anomalies. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for assessment of literature. Statistical analysis was done using R software using meta package. Thirteen research were combined to determine the proportion of MCA length and pooled proportion was 16.53 cm (15.33 to 17.72 cm); I2 =98%; P-value<0.01.Nine studies were combined to determine proportion of MCA diameter and pooled proportion was 2.85 cm (2.52 to 3.17 cm); I2 =100%; P-value<0.05. M1 segment mean length is more on left side as compared to right side. Mean length in males (16.57±1.40 cm) is more than females (15.9±1.32 cm). Mean diameter of M1 segment is similar on both sides. Mean diameter in males (3.20±0.09 cm) is higher than females (3.14±0.18 cm). Different branching patterns observed were single trunk, early bifurcation, bifurcation, trifurcation, quadrifurcation and multiple trunks. The most typical MCA branching pattern is bifurcation. The shapes of MCA like straight shaped, U shaped, C shaped, inverted U shaped and S-shaped of M1 segment have been described. Straight MCA is the most common shape. The MCA measurements and branching pattern will assist surgeons in limiting errors in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms and infarcts and providing the best possible result for the patients. An understanding of MCA shape will aid surgeons and physicians in effective endovascular recanalization.

To review morphometry, morphology, branching patterns and anomalies of middle cerebral artery (MCA). The databases of PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus were searched with different keywords. The review comprised of 45 studies.Meta-analysis was done for dimensions of MCA, shapes, patterns and MCA anomalies. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for assessment of literature. Statistical analysis was done using R software using meta package. Thirteen research were combined to determine the proportion of MCA length and pooled proportion was 16.53 cm (15.33 to 17.72 cm); I2 =98%; P-value<0.01.Nine studies were combined to determine proportion of MCA diameter and pooled proportion was 2.85 cm (2.52 to 3.17 cm); I2 =100%; P-value<0.05. M1 segment mean length is more on left side as compared to right side. Mean length in males (16.57±1.40 cm) is more than females (15.9±1.32 cm). Mean diameter of M1 segment is similar on both sides. Mean diameter in males (3.20±0.09 cm) is higher than females (3.14±0.18 cm). Different branching patterns observed were single trunk, early bifurcation, bifurcation, trifurcation, quadrifurcation and multiple trunks. The most typical MCA branching pattern is bifurcation. The shapes of MCA like straight shaped, U shaped, C shaped, inverted U shaped and S-shaped of M1 segment have been described. Straight MCA is the most common shape. The MCA measurements and branching pattern will assist surgeons in limiting errors in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms and infarcts and providing the best possible result for the patients. An understanding of MCA shape will aid surgeons and physicians in effective endovascular recanalization.

To review morphometry, morphology, branching patterns and anomalies of middle cerebral artery (MCA). The databases of PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus were searched with different keywords. The review comprised of 45 studies.Meta-analysis was done for dimensions of MCA, shapes, patterns and MCA anomalies. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for assessment of literature. Statistical analysis was done using R software using meta package. Thirteen research were combined to determine the proportion of MCA length and pooled proportion was 16.53 cm (15.33 to 17.72 cm); I2 =98%; P-value<0.01.Nine studies were combined to determine proportion of MCA diameter and pooled proportion was 2.85 cm (2.52 to 3.17 cm); I2 =100%; P-value<0.05. M1 segment mean length is more on left side as compared to right side. Mean length in males (16.57±1.40 cm) is more than females (15.9±1.32 cm). Mean diameter of M1 segment is similar on both sides. Mean diameter in males (3.20±0.09 cm) is higher than females (3.14±0.18 cm). Different branching patterns observed were single trunk, early bifurcation, bifurcation, trifurcation, quadrifurcation and multiple trunks. The most typical MCA branching pattern is bifurcation. The shapes of MCA like straight shaped, U shaped, C shaped, inverted U shaped and S-shaped of M1 segment have been described. Straight MCA is the most common shape. The MCA measurements and branching pattern will assist surgeons in limiting errors in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms and infarcts and providing the best possible result for the patients. An understanding of MCA shape will aid surgeons and physicians in effective endovascular recanalization.

Objectives: Post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms were widely reported.However, data on post-COVID-19 conditions following infection with the Omicron variant remained scarce. This prospective study was conducted to understand the prevalence, patterns, and duration of symptoms in patients who had recovered from COVID-19. Methods: A prospective study was conducted across 11 districts of Delhi, India, among individuals who had recovered from COVID-19. Study participants were enrolled, and then returned for post-recovery follow-up at 3 months and 6 months interval. Results The mean age of study participants was 42.07 years, with a standard deviation of 14.89 years. The majority of the participants (79.7%) reported experiencing post-COVID-19 symptoms. The most common symptoms included joint pain (36.0%), persistent dry cough (35.7%), anxiety (28.4%), and shortness of breath (27.1%). Other symptoms were persistent fatigue (21.6%), persistent headache (20.0%), forgetfulness (19.7%), and limb weakness (18.6%). The longest duration of symptom was observed to be anxiety (138.75±54.14 days), followed by fatigue (137.57±48.33 days), shortness of breath (131.89±60.21 days), and joint pain/swelling (131.59±58.76 days). At the first follow-up visit, 2.2% of participants presented with abnormal electrocardiogram readings, but no abnormalities were noticed during the second follow-up. Additionally, 4.06% of participants exhibited abnormal chest X-ray findings at the first follow-up, which decreased to 2.16% by the second visit. Conclusion: The most frequently reported post-COVID-19 symptoms were joint pain, dry cough, anxiety and shortness of breath. These clinical symptoms persisted for up to 6 months, with evidence of multi-system involvement. Consequently, findings highlighted the need for long-term follow-up during the post-COVID-19 period.