Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has a limited role in the diagnosis of prostate cancer mainly because of the low uptake of FDG in the tumor. FDG-PET has shown some advantages in the assessment of lymph nodes and bone metastases. FDG-PET has a significant potential to assist with the diagnosis and management of testicular cancer. PET has been most useful in defining the presence or absence of disease in patients with residual masses. Role of PET in renal cell carcinoma and bladder cancer is so limited. Some new marked atoms have studied to increase effects of PET in diagnosis urologic malignancies
Urologic Neoplasms ; Urologic Diseases ; Tomography ; Diagnosis

Currently, the telomerase is being considered as a marker of cancer because 90% of cancer cells in human have positive telomerase. The telomarase used to early diagnose, monitor and predict after the treatment. In addition to, telomerase also is objective of many researches to treat the cancer. It had better combine the anti telomerase and chemotherapy
Urologic Neoplasms ; Telomerase

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme. Which is responsible for catalyst for increasing chains of telomere and limitation of shortening the chromosome terminal head. Telomerase has activity for the primary cells but inhibited differentiate cells. Telomerase was considered most significantly as a marker of cancer because 90% of cancer cells in human had positive telomerase. The telomerase was used to early diagnose and monitor as well as predict outcome. The antitelomerase therapy was a proper method to prevent relapsed cancer after the traditional treatments
Urologic Neoplasms ; Telomerase

Urine cytology is the most useful technique for detecting either primary or recurrent neoplasms in the urinary tract. Although urine cytology is the traditional method of detecting these neoplasms, its diagnostic accuracy has been underevaluated because of low sensitivity. The cytologic interpretation of urinary samples is not an easy task, even with some expertise in this area, for many reasons. In low-grade urothelial carcinoma, no reliable or reproducible diagnostic cytologic criteria can be provided because of the lack of obvious cytologic features of malignancy, which is one of the main factors lowering its diagnostic accuracy. Many diagnostic markers have been developed recently to enhance its diagnostic yield, but the results have not been satisfactory. However, urine cytology plays a role in detecting high-grade urothelial carcinoma or its precursor lesions. It still shows higher specificity than any of the newly developed urine markers. Understanding the nature of urine samples and the nature of neoplasms of the urinary tract, recognizing their cytologic features fully, and using cytologic findings under appropriate conditions in conjunction with a detailed clinical history would make urine cytology a very valuable diagnostic tool.
Sensitivity and Specificity ; Urinary Tract* ; Urologic Neoplasms*

As clinical study showed that COX-2 is strengthened in the angiogenesis, apoptosis, invasive and increasing immunization in the process of tumor progress. The first result of use inhibitor COX-2 has potential in prevention and treatment of tumor. Use COX-2 in progress of prostate cancer as metastasis tumor and be low isolated. Use COX-2 in bladder tumor without response with BCG and after cut off bladder. Use COX-2 in metastasis kidney tumor or have high risk in Von Hippel-Lindau
Urologic Neoplasms ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ; Hippel-Lindau Disease ; Therapeutics ;

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell ; pathology ; Humans ; Neoplasm Grading ; Urologic Neoplasms ; pathology

Urine cytology is an important screening tool for urinary tract neoplasms. Liquid-based preparation methods, such as ThinPrep(R), have been introduced for non-gynecological samples. We aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of liquid-based preparations in urine cytology by comparing the results of the conventional Cytospin preparation method for the same samples. A total of 236 cases subject to urine cytology were enrolled in this study from January 2005 to December 2005. All cases were subjected to cystoscopy and if a malignancy was suspected, a biopsy was performed. Urine cytology slides were made using the ThinPrep(R) preparation method and the conventional Cytospin and/or direct smear method from the individual samples. The results of urine cytology were compared with the final cystoscopic or histological diagnoses. We analyzed the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of both cytology preparation methods. A total of 236 slides made using the liquid based method were satisfactory for slide quality, whereas 5 slides (2.1%) prepared by conventional methods were unsatisfactory because of air-drying, a thick smear, or a bloody or inflammatory background. The ThinPrep(R) method showed 53.1% sensitivity, 92.6% specificity, a 92.6% positive predictive value, a 94.1% negative predictive value and 85.6% accuracy, while the conventional method showed 51% sensitivity, 98.4% specificity, a 92.6% positive predictive value, a 98.4% negative predictive value and 88.6% accuracy. Although the diagnostic values were equivalent between the use of the two methods, the quality of the cytology slides and the time consumed during the microscopic examination for a diagnosis were superior for the ThinPrep(R) method than for the conventional method. In conclusion, our limited studies have shown that the use of the liquid based preparation method is beneficial to improve the quality of slides and reduce the duration for a microscopic examination, but did not show better sensitivity, accuracy and predictive values.
Biopsy ; Cystoscopy ; Diagnosis ; Mass Screening ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Urologic Neoplasms

OBJECTIVE: We applied intraoperative autotransfusion (IAT) as a method of decreasing or avoiding homologous blood transfusions during urological cancer surgery and assessed the availability of the IAT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: IAT was performed in 7 patients with bladder cancer who underwent retropubic radical cystectomy (Cx group) and in 4 patients with prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy (Px group). Blood shed in operation fields was collected and processed with an IAT device. The volume of blood loss, homologous blood transfused, and autologous blood transfused during surgery were assessed. RESULTS: In the Cx group, intraoperative blood loss ranged from 1,086 to 2,673 ml (mean: 1,757 ml), and homologous blood transfusions ranged from 0 to 1,000 ml (mean: 457 ml). Autologous blood was processed by IAT device and the amount transfused ranged from 380 to 980 ml (mean: 607 ml). Two patients did not require homologous blood transfusion. In the Px group, intraoperative blood loss ranged from 1,160 to 1,550 ml (mean: 1,356 ml). Autologous blood was processed by IAT device and the amount transfused ranged from 540 to 990 ml (mean: 745 ml). None of the patients required homologous blood transfusion. CONCLUSION: IAT is a feasible method of reducing or avoiding homologous blood transfusion in radical cystectomy and retropubic radical prostatectomy.
Blood Transfusion ; Blood Transfusion, Autologous* ; Cystectomy ; Humans ; Prostatectomy ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Urologic Neoplasms*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the antiproliferative activity of deuterium oxide (D2O) on urological cancer cells for the application of D2O in the treatment of urological cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Urological cancer cell A-498 (kidney), T-24 (bladder) and DU 145 (prostate) were used in this study. The changes in cellular proliferation and the expressions of the bcl-2 and bax genes, according to changes in the D2O concentrationand exposure time were measured. The changes in cellular proliferation were measured using a hemocytometer and the MTT assay, and the changes in gene expression by Western hybridization. RESULTS: D2O had antiproliferative effects, DU-145 was most resistant and T-24 was most sensitive to D2O. The proliferation of cells in T-24, as measured by the MTT assay, showed a reduced growth rate, which was the inverse of the increased D2O concentration and exposure time. The expression of bcl-2 was reduced with increasing exposure time and D2O concentration, and that of bax was increased with increasing exposure time and D2O concentration. CONCLUSIONS: From this study, the authors believe D2O has antiproliferative effects on urological cancers, and the effect on bladder cancer cells suggests that D2O shows potential as an agent for the treatment of early small bladder cancer or the prevention of superficial bladder cancer recurrence following transurethral resection.
Cell Proliferation ; Deuterium Oxide* ; Deuterium* ; Gene Expression ; Recurrence ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Urologic Neoplasms*

Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common urinary tract neoplasm through the world. Around 80% of BC patients present with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Transurethral resection (TUR) of the bladder is the standard treatment to remove cancer tissue from patients with NMIBC. Unfortunately, BC frequently recurs after TUR. At least half of the patients diagnosed with NMIBC experience tumor recurrence after receiving the appropriate treatment. High recurrence rate is one representative characteristic of BC. Therefore, intravesical therapy after TUR is often performed in patients with NMIBC to prevent recurrence. In recent years, various therapeutic agents have been examined in preclinical and clinical trials for use in post-TUR adjuvant intravesical therapy. However, intravesical therapies using anticancer drug are relative safe but, lower anticancer effects and bacillus Calmette-Guérin has a strong anticancer effect but high frequency of adverse events. So, there are growing interests for prediction of recurrence of NMIBC. Until now, many studies were performed for the recurrence prediction markers of NMIBC with cancer tissues instead of blood or urine. In this review, we discuss the predictive value of various genetic, protein markers in cancer tissues, and molecular markers in blood and urine for the recurrence of the NMIBC.
Bacillus ; Biomarkers ; Humans ; Recurrence ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Urinary Bladder ; Urologic Neoplasms