Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has a limited role in the diagnosis of prostate cancer mainly because of the low uptake of FDG in the tumor. FDG-PET has shown some advantages in the assessment of lymph nodes and bone metastases. FDG-PET has a significant potential to assist with the diagnosis and management of testicular cancer. PET has been most useful in defining the presence or absence of disease in patients with residual masses. Role of PET in renal cell carcinoma and bladder cancer is so limited. Some new marked atoms have studied to increase effects of PET in diagnosis urologic malignancies
Urologic Neoplasms ; Urologic Diseases ; Tomography ; Diagnosis

Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely applied in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary diseases with the development of data storage, image processing, pattern recognition and machine learning technologies. Based on the massive biomedical big data of imaging and histopathology, many urinary system diseases (such as urinary tumor, urological calculi, urinary infection, voiding dysfunction and erectile dysfunction) will be diagnosed more accurately and will be treated more individualizedly. However, most of the current AI diagnosis and treatment are in the pre-clinical research stage, and there are still some difficulties in the wide application of AI. This review mainly summarizes the recent advances of AI in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, urological calculi, frequent micturition and erectile dysfunction, and discusses the future potential and existing problems.
Artificial Intelligence ; trends ; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted ; trends ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Urologic Diseases ; diagnosis

PURPOSE: The detection of telomerase activity is a new and useful method in diagnosis of bladder transitional cell carcinoma(TCC) in urine samples. But the detection method of telomerase activity is not easily performed in clinical settings because it uses radio-isotope and electrophoresis. We evaluated the test results of telomerase PCR-ELISA and compared them with the results of urinary cytology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to evaluate the feasibility of telomerase PCR-ELISA method in bladder TCC, 36 bladder washing samples of patients with bladder TCC and 10 bladder washing samples of benign urologic diseases were examined for telomerase activity. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity and specificity of the telomerase test was 76.5%(26/36) and 80.0%(4/5). The sensitivity of telomerase test was higher than that of urinary cytology in low grade bladder TCC. Sensitivity of the telomerase test according to the nuclear grade of bladder TCC was 61.5% in grade I, 92.3% in grade II, 75% in grade III. In contrast, the sensitivity was 38.5% in grade I, 66.7% in grade II, 87.5% in grade III in urinary cytology. There was no correlation between the tumor stages and the sensitivity of telomerase test. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that the sensitivity and specificity of telomerase PCR-ELISA method is similar to the results of telomerase tests previously reported using radioisotope. Furthermore, the telomerase test is more sensitive in detecting bladder tumor of low grade than urinary cytology. These findings suggest that telomerase PCR-ELISA method can be used conveniently and widely for the detection of bladder tumor in clinical practice.
Diagnosis* ; Electrophoresis ; Humans ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Telomerase* ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urologic Diseases

The frequent occurrence of hematuria in children necessitates diagnostic evaluation. Hematuria may occur with either renal or lower urinary tract disease. Clarification of the etiology of hematuria, whether microscopic or gross, is facilited by localizing the site of bleeding to the kidney (glomerular) or the lower urinary tract (non-glomerular). The mean cellular volume (MCV) of urinary red blood cells (RBCs) of pediatric patients with glomerular (group I; n=77) and non-glomerular (group II; n=34) hematuria was determined using Coulter Counter Model S plus IV. We found that re blood cells of glomerular origin had a smaller volume than non-glomerular cells(73.79 9.75 m3 vs 83.55 3.77 m3, p<0.001). If an urinary MCV equal to 80.56 m3 was taken as the cut-off value between glomerular and non-glomerular hematuria, a correct assessment of the site of bleeding was made in 89 (80%) of the 111 patients studied (sensitivity 76%, specificity 88%). The ratio of the urinary erythrocyte MCV to that in blood(Umcv/Bmcv) was compared with the diagnosis. If an Umcv/Bmcv ratio equal to 0.95 was taken as the cut-off value between glomerular and non-glomerular hematuria, a correct assessment of the site of bleeding was made in 93 (83%) of the 111 patients studied (sensitivity 79.6%, specificity 94%). Coulter counter analysis of urine provides a simple noninvasive and objective aid to the diagnosis of hematurai. This test, when used early in the management of pediatric patients with hematuria, may help to avoid invasive investigations.
Blood Cells ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Erythrocytes* ; Hematuria* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Kidney ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Urinary Tract ; Urologic Diseases

Renal scintigraphic methods, which are physiologic and minimally invasive, have played important role in the management of various renal diseases in children, providing sensitive tool for early detection of disease even before structural changes become prominent and giving valuable functional and anatomical information to aid medical decision makings in the treatment and follow-up of patients. This review article focuses on the concept and advantages of renal scintigraphy in pediatric patients with various urologic diseases.
Child ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Nuclear Medicine* ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Urologic Diseases ; Urology*

Renal scintigraphic methods, which are physiologic and minimally invasive, have played important role in the management of various renal diseases in children, providing sensitive tool for early detection of disease even before structural changes become prominent and giving valuable functional and anatomical information to aid medical decision makings in the treatment and follow-up of patients. This review article focuses on the concept and advantages of renal scintigraphy in pediatric patients with various urologic diseases.
Child ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Nuclear Medicine* ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Urologic Diseases ; Urology*

Chronic prostatitis is very common urologic disease, but its symptomatology is varied and nondiagnostic. We have performed transrectal ultrasonography in 66 cases of patients who were impressed as chronic prostatitis based upon their symptoms and physical findings for the purpose of evaluating the role of transrectal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of chronic prostatitis.The results were summarized as follows;1. In microscopic findings of prostatic secretion, 20 cases(Group I ) showed W.B.C. less than 10/H.P.F and 16 cases(Group II ) showed W.B.C. more than 10/H.P.F. 2. The abnormal findings of transrectal sonography in chronic prostatitis were as follows; 1) Echolucent zones; 22 cases(39%) 2) Calcification; 37 cases( 56%). 3) Heterogeneous echo; 40 cases( 61%). 4) Capsular irregularity or thickening; 35 cases( 50%) 5) Periurethral zone irregularity, 28 cases(42%). 6) Echolucent 'halo' sign; 33 cases( 50%). 7) Seminal vesicle or ejaculatory duct abnormality; 18 cases(27%). 3. Among above findings, l), 2), 3), 4), 5) findings were more frequently detected in Group II than in Group I (p<0.05). 4. The combined detection rate of l), 2), 3), 4), 5) findings were statistically higher in Group II than in Group I (p<0.05). 5. High grade l), 2), 3), 4), 5) findings were more frequently detected in Group II than in Group I (p<0.05). Our results suggest that although transrectal ultrasonography is not diagnostic for chronic prostatitis, it may be an useful adjuvant diagnostic modality to laboratory studies in the evaluation of chronic prostatitis.
Diagnosis ; Ejaculatory Ducts ; Humans ; Male ; Prostatitis* ; Seminal Vesicles ; Ultrasonography* ; Urologic Diseases

Technological breakthroughs have advanced the temporal and spatial resolutions of diagnostic imaging, and 3 dimensional (3-D) reconstruction techniques have been introduced into everyday clinical practice. Virtual endoscopy (VE) is a non-invasive technique that amplifies the perception of cross-sectional images in the 3-D space, providing precise spatial relationships of pathological regions and their surrounding structures. A variety of computer algorithms can be used to generate 3-D images, taking advantage of the information inherent in either spiral computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). VE images enable endoluminal navigation through hollow organs, thus simulating conventional endoscopy. Several clinical studies have validated the diagnostic utility of virtual cystoscopy, which has high sensitivity and specificity rates in the detection of bladder tumor. Published experience in the virtual exploration of the renal pelvis, ureter and urethra is encouraging but still scarce. VE is a safe, non-invasive method that could be applied in the long-term follow-up of patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction, urinary bladder tumors and ureteral and/or urethral strictures. Its principal limitations are the inability to provide biopsy tissue specimens for histopathologic examination and the associated ionizing radiation hazards (unless MRI is used). However, in the case of endoluminal stenosis or obstruction, VE permits virtual endoluminal navigation both cephalad and caudal to the stenotic segment. To conclude, VE provides a less invasive method of evaluating the urinary tract, especially for clinicians who are less familiar with cross-sectional imaging than radiologists.
Cystoscopy ; methods ; Endoscopy ; methods ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; methods ; Ureteral Diseases ; diagnosis ; Urethral Diseases ; diagnosis ; Urologic Diseases ; diagnosis

Ultrasonography were performed on 52 patients with 64 cases of urologic diseases, and its significance was discussed. The results were as follows: 1. Overall diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography was 90.6% and diagnostic error was 9.4%. 2. It is not helpful to use ultrasonography as a primary screening procedure or to use it alone, but it is recommended to use ultrasonography as a supplementary measure after excretory urography. 3. Many needless renal angiographys and explorations can be avoided by performing ultrasonography prior to renal angiographys and explorations to get more accurate information. 4. Ultrasonography is known to be atraumatic, noninvasive and not harmful to human body, and it may be used safely in children and pregnant women. 5. Ultrasonography can be performed regardless of renal function and is particularly helpful in differentiating between cystic and solid masses. 6. Ultrasonography was particularly helpful in the diagnosis of non-visualization of kidney in I.V.P.
Child ; Diagnosis* ; Diagnostic Errors ; Female ; Human Body ; Humans ; Kidney ; Mass Screening ; Pregnant Women ; Ultrasonography* ; Urography ; Urologic Diseases*

PURPOSE: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a representative urological disease in men at senescence. The etiology of BPH is multifactorial, with chronic conditions, such as non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), treated hypertension, obesity, low and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and high insulin levels, constitute for the development of BPH. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a BPH population was investigated and the relationship between BPH and metabolic syndrome evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The BPH group consisted of 162 patients (63.4+/-7.8 years old) diagnosed as BPH and the control group of 68 patients (59.7+/-6.4 years old) without voiding difficulties. In each group, the relating factors, prevalence of BPH and metabolic syndrome were investigated and analyzed for comparison. RESULTS: Comparing the voiding factors of the BPH and control groups, all of the measured values showed aggravation of the voiding difficulty in the BPH compared with the control group. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the BPH group was 64.2%, which was about double that in the control group (32.4%) (p<0.001). Among the components of metabolic syndrome, hypertension (70.4%) was found to have the highest prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: The probability of patients with BPH having metabolic syndrome is high compared to those without BPH. Consequently, in BPH patients, careful evaluation for metabolic syndrome is needed, with the early diagnosis and proper management of metabolic syndrome should accompany the treatment of BPH.
Aging ; Cholesterol ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Insulin ; Lipoproteins ; Male ; Obesity ; Prevalence ; Prostatic Hyperplasia* ; Urologic Diseases