The authors determined the value of performing urine microscopy on biochemically negative urine sepcimens in a pediatric population. The 746 urine specimens of patients who were either visited or admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, National Police Hospital, from March 1991 to July 1992 were reviewed on the basis of comparative evaluation of biochemical and microscopic urine analysis. Eight reactions of Clinitek(r) 200 were used as biochemical indicators, namely, pH, nitrite, albumin, glucose, ketone, urobilinogen, bilirubin, and blood. Out of 746 urine specimens studied, 186 were true positive. Thirty-six specimens reacted biochemically in the absence of positive microscopic findings (false postive), 492 specimens were true negatives. Thirty-two specimens had negative biochemical indicators, in spite of positive microscopy. The sensitivity of the biochemical parameters for predicting significant microscopy of urinary sediment is 85% and the specificity is 99%. The positive predictive value is 69.7% and the negative predictive value is 99.3%. The sensitivity of blood for RBC is 94%. and the specificity is 99%. The predictive value of a positive result is 84.6% and that of a negative result is 99.7%. We therefore conclude that urine microscopy is less necessary in biochemically negative urine specimens from asymptomatic pediatric patients, with hopefully resultant time and cost effectiveness.
Bilirubin ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Glucose ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Microscopy ; Pediatrics ; Police ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Urinalysis* ; Urobilinogen

Three external quality assesment trials which composed of 16 control materials (12 chemical materials and four microscopic photographs of urinary sediment) for interlaboratory quality control assesment in urinalysis were performed with 451, 452, and 476 participants, in each, in the year of 2005. The response rate were 95.6% (451/472), 91.9% (452/492) and 95.6% (476/498), in the first , the second and the third trials, in each. The test items include pH, glucose, protein, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte estrase, specific gravity and four microscopic photographs of urinary sediment. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1. The chemical quality control test in urinalysis revealed generally good concordance. 2. The percentage of using urinalysis analyzer was slightly increased as 91.2% and the distribution of using reagent strip was similar to the previous year. 3. The percentage of response rate of microscopic photographs of urinary sediment was 76.5%(387/498) and the percentage of good performance of these tests ware 63.6% to 86.5%.
Bilirubin ; Equidae ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea* ; Leukocytes ; Quality Control ; Reagent Strips ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis* ; Urobilinogen

Three external quality assesment trials which composed of 16 control materials (12 chemical materials and four sets of microscopic photograph of urinary sediment) for interlaboratory quality control assesment in urinalysis were performed with 699, 718, and 732 participants, in each, in the year of 2008. The response rate were 95.4% (699/733), 96.6% (718/743) and 95.3% (732/767), in the first, the second and the third trials, in each. The test items include pH, glucose, protein, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte estrase, specific gravity and four microscopic photographs of urinary sediment. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1. The chemical quality control test in urinalysis revealed generally good concordance. 2. The percentage of using urinalysis analyzer was slightly decreased as 83.0% and the distribution of using reagent strip was similar to the previous year. 3. The percentage of response rate of microscopic photographs of urinary sediment was 81.3% (571/732) and the percentage of good performance of these tests ware 32.9% to 80.5%.
Bilirubin ; Equidae ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea ; Leukocytes ; Quality Control ; Reagent Strips ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis ; Urobilinogen

Three external quality assesment trials which composed of 16 control materials(12 chemical materials and four microscopic photographs of urinary sediment) for interlaboratory quality control assesment in urinalysis were performed with 446, participants, in each, in the year of 2004. The response rate were 93.4% (422/452), 91.7% (411/448) and 91.7% (410/447), in the first , the second and the third trials, in each. The test items include pH, glucose, protein, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte estrase, specific gravity and four microscopic photographs of urinary sediment. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1.The chemical quality control test in urinalysis revealed generally good concordance. 2.The percentage of using urinalysis analyzer was slightly increased as 87.9% and the distribution of using reagent strip was similar to the previous year. 3.The percentage of response rate of microscopic photographs of urinary sediment was 80.7% and the percentage of good performance of these tests ware 85.8% to 95.8%.
Bilirubin ; Equidae ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea* ; Leukocytes ; Quality Control ; Reagent Strips ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis* ; Urobilinogen

Three external quality assesment trials which composed of 12 control materials(12 chemical materials) for interlaboratory quality control assesment in urinalysis were performed with 446, participants, in each, in the year of 2003. The response rate were 92.4% (414/448), 91.9% (419/456) and 91.3% (408/447), in the first, the second and the third trials, in each. The test items include pH, glucose, protein, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte estrase and specific gravity. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1. The chemical quality control test in urinalysis revealed generally good concordance. 2. The percentage of using urinalysis analyzer was slightly increased as 86.8% and the distribution of using reagent strip was similar to the previous year.
Bilirubin ; Equidae ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea* ; Leukocytes ; Quality Control ; Reagent Strips ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis* ; Urobilinogen

Three external quality assesment trials which composed of 12 control materials(12 chemical materials) for interlaboratory quality control assesment in urinalysis were performed with 446, participants, in each, in the year of 2002. The response rate were 91.5% (408/446), 90.8% (405/445) and 90.4% (403/446), in the first , the second and the third trials, in each. The test items include pH, glucose, protein, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte estrase and specific gravity. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1.The chemical quality control test in urinalysis revealed generally good concordance. 2.The percentage of using urinalysis analyzer was slightly decreased as 79.0% and the distribution of using reagent strip was similar to the previous year.
Bilirubin ; Equidae ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea* ; Leukocytes ; Quality Control ; Reagent Strips ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis* ; Urobilinogen

We performed a clinical observation on the 208 cases of infectious hepatitis who were cared at the pediatric department of Fatima Hospital from July, 1, 1970, to June, 30, 1977, and obtained the following results. 1. The ratio of infectious hepatitis to the total number of in-patients was 3.25 in average. 2. There was no significant difference in seasonal incidence except spring when the incidence was lower than the other seasons. 3. The age-group of 3~8 years old occupied 69% of the total cases and sex incidence revealed mali predominence with the ratio about 2:1. 4. The frequently observed clinical manifestations included ; Anorexia(71%)Nausea/Vomiting(65%), Tiredness(53%), Dark urine(59%), Abdominal pain(54%), Fever(45%), Jaundice(75%), Hepatomegaly(71%), Tenderness on upper adbomen(40%), and Palpable spleen(12.3%). 5. In the most of the cases the hematologic findings were with-in normal limit. 6. Bilirubinuria was observed in about 65% of the tested cases during the first 2 weeks of the illness and urinary urobilinogen was decreased during the second week of the illness. 7. In the majority of the cases the serum bilirubin reached peak during the second week of the illness and ranged 2~15mg%. And by the end of the 4th week illness, they returned to less than 2mg% in the 85%of the tested cases. 8. SGOT and SGPT reached peak during the first week of the illness and by the end of 4th week, they returned to less than 100 unit in the most the tested cases. And the values of SGOTwere higher than SGOT throughout the course of the illness. 9. The electrophoresis of the serum protein revealed as follow ; 1-globulin decreased slightly and -globulin in creased. 10. We experienced 30 cases (14.4%) of anicteric hepatitis. 11. ABHg was positive in 2(3.8%) of the 52 tested cases. 12. 10 of the 208 cases complicated hepatic coma and 10 of them expired and 3 of them dischared without clinical improvement.
Alanine Transaminase ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Bilirubin ; Child* ; Electrophoresis ; Hepatic Encephalopathy ; Hepatitis ; Hepatitis A* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mali ; Seasons ; Urobilinogen

Three external quality assesment trials which composed of 16 control materials(12 chemical materials and four sets of microscopic photograph of urinary sediment) for interlaboratory quality control assesment in urinalysis were performed with 796, 823, and 841 participants, in each, in the year of 2009. The response rate were 97.1% (796/820), 95.5% (823/862) and 97.1% (841/866), in the first, the second and the third trials, in each. The test items include pH, glucose, protein, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte estrase, specific gravity and four microscopic photographs of urinary sediment. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1. The chemical quality control test in urinalysis revealed generally good concordance. 2. The percentage of using urinalysis analyzer was slightly decreased as 82.3% and the distribution of using reagent strip was similar to the previous year. 3. The percentage of response rate of microscopic photographs of urinary sediment was 83.5% (702/841) and the percentage of good performance of these tests ware 83.6% to 99.1%.
Bilirubin ; Equidae ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea ; Leukocytes ; Quality Control ; Reagent Strips ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis ; Urobilinogen

In 2016, external quality assessment trials for urinalysis and faecal occult blood (FOB) were performed with 1,487 participants in Korea. Urine chemistry and FOB tests were performed three and two times, respectively, whereas urine sediment was evaluated once using photography. Urine chemistry tests consisted of pH, protein, glucose, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, and nitrite levels; leukocyte count; specific gravity. The results of the urine chemistry and specific gravity tests showed accuracy rates of >95%. The accuracy rate of urine sediments was low, especially that for transitional epithelial cells and atypical crystals. In the FOB quality test, all reagents showed accuracy rates of >90%, which suggested the improvement of false-positive reaction. In the FOB quantitative test, discrepant results depending on the instrument used was observed. To compensate for the result differences caused by the stool samples, the results should be reported using another unit (µg/g of stool).
Bilirubin ; Chemistry ; Epithelial Cells ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Indicators and Reagents ; Korea* ; Leukocyte Count ; Occult Blood* ; Photography ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis* ; Urobilinogen

The urinalysis is an essential part of the diagnostic work-up for kidney disease and other renal system disorders. The dipstick test allows rapid and simultaneous chemical analyses of urine, including factors such as pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, ketones, occult blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite, and leukocyteesterase. The chemical reactions on dipstick are complicated and can be affected by oxidizing, reducing, and discoloring substances in the urine. Therefore, false positive and false negative results are common in dipstick testing. To obtain reliable results with the dipstick, it is necessary to collect urine cleanly and examine the urine carefully. It is mandatory to clearly understand the principles of dipstick testing to evaluate abnormal findings. If the urine dipstick results suggest hematuria, proteinuria, or urinary tract infection, microscopy of the urine should be performed to confirm the findings.
Bilirubin ; Glucose ; Hematuria ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Ketones ; Kidney Diseases ; Microscopy ; Occult Blood ; Proteinuria ; Specific Gravity ; Urinalysis* ; Urinary Tract Infections ; Urobilinogen