As the famous Chinese patent medicine, Yinhua Miyanling Tablets, which was derived from ancient prescription denominated Bazhengsan, has not only the effects in clearing away heat and purging pathogenic fire, removing dampness and relieving stranguria, but also have the functions of detoxifying and tonifying. A great number of scientific studies have demonstrated that Yinhua Mi-yanling Tablets played significant roles in destroying harmful microbes and resisting inflammatory and diuresis. Compared with antibiotics, traditional antibacterial Chinese patent medicine Yinhua Miyanling Tablets has the advantage in bacterial resistance in long-term use. Fundamental studies about the content of pharmaceutical ingredients and the modern pharmacology of Yinhua Miyanling Tablets were collected and summarized, which conduces to indicating the active ingredients of Yinhua Miyanling Tablets with the medicinal efficacy from the molecular level and the internal mechanism of Yinhua Miyanling Tablets in the treatment of urinary tract infection(UTI) from the scientific perspective. In the field of clinical research, literatures associated with Yinhua Miyanling Tablets for the treatment of UTI were summarized and analyzed in terms of treatment type, administration mode, dosage, frequency of medication, course, efficiency, side effects and whether combined with healthy lifestyle. These literatures confirmed the medicinal values and the application prospect of Yinhua Miyanling Tablets in treating UTI, especially acute UTI, which provides a scientific theoretical foundation and a correct direction for the clinical application of Yinhua Miyanling Tablets. In conclusion, this article contributes to the standardization of Yinhua Miyanling Tablets in the treatment of UTI, in the expectation of giving the scientific guidance for clinical practice.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Research ; Tablets ; Urinary Tract Infections ; drug therapy

Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use* ; Child ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy*

OBJECTIVEThis study investigated the pathogen distribution and resistance patterns in childhood urinary tract infection in order to provide references for optimal use of antibiotics in the treatment of this disorder.

METHODSThe clinical data of 152 children with community acquired urinary tract infection (urinary culture positive) between December 2001 and December 2004 were studied retrospectively. The bacterial pathogens of urinary tract infection and antimicrobial resistance were analyzed.

RESULTSGram-negative bacilli was predominant pathogenic bacteria, accounting for 79.0% of the cases, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was most commonly found (56.2%). Gram-positive cocci accounted for 18.4%, including 15.1% of Enterococcus faecalis. Fungi was rarely seen, accounting for only 2.6%. E. coli had a resistance rate of more than 50% to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulate, co-trimoxazole, cefradine, and fosomycin, but a very low resistance rate (< 4%) to 3rd generation cefalosporin, nitrofurantoi, azactom and amikacin. Enterococcus faecalis had a low resistance rate (< 20%) to ampicillin, vancomycin, penicillin, and nitrofurantoin.

CONCLUSIONSE. coli is the major pathogen in community acquired pediatric urinary tract infection, and Enterococcus has been become another important pathogen. Selection of antibiotics for the treatment of this disorder should base on drug-sensitive test results.

Adolescent ; Bacteria ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Community-Acquired Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Urinary Tract Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology

Fosfomycin (FOM) is an antibiotic with a small relative molecular weight (138.1) and a long half-life, and has a unique chemical structure and antibacterial mechanisms. It exerts a bactericidal activity by inhibiting the early synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It is also a broad-spectrum antibiotic with a good drug tolerance and compliance and a low pressure to bacterial resistance, but no cross-resistance with other antibiotics. Recent studies show the effectiveness of FOM in the treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections and urogenital tract infections as well, such as prostatitis and epididymitis. This review focuses on the clinical application of FOM in the treatment of infectious diseases of the urogenital tract.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Epididymitis ; drug therapy ; Fosfomycin ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Male Urogenital Diseases ; drug therapy ; Prostatitis ; drug therapy ; Urinary Tract Infections ; drug therapy

OBJECTIVETo assess the bacterial profile and pattern of antibiotic resistance of urinary tract infections (UTIs) pathogens and to determine its clinical impact on management.

METHODSMidstream urine samples were submitted for culture from 1998 to 2002, and 798 isolates were obtained for antimicrobial susceptibility testing including amikacin (AMK), ampicillin (AMP), cefzolin (CFZ), cefuroxime (CXM), ceftriaxone (CRO), ceftaxime (CTX), ceftazidime (CAZ), nalidixoc acid (NAL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), nitrofurantoin (NIT) for Gram-negative bacteria and oxcillin (OXA), ampicillin (AMP), cefzolin (CFZ), ciprofloxacin (CIP), gentamicin (Gen), vancomycin (VAN), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), nitrofurantoin (NIT) for Gram-positive cocci. beta-lactamases and ESBLs were tested when needed.

RESULTSEnterobacteriaceae was the most frequently isolated pathogen. Among all the isolates, Escherichia coli accounted for 66.0%, followed by Enterococcus (6.5%), Klebsiella spp. (6.0%), Staphylococcus (5.4%). High resistance rates to CIP (56.0%), SXT (67.0%) and AMP (78.9%) were observed among the E. coli. CIP-resistant E. coli strains are being isolated with increasing frequency. From 1998 to 2002 the incidence of CIP-resistant increased steadily from 46.6% to 59.4%. A higher resistance rate to NAL was apparent. In contrast, NIT displayed a resistance rate of 8.9%, and AMK 4.9%. The ESBLs positive rate was 12.9% among the E. coli and 33.3% among the Klebsiella spp. respectively. A high resistance rate to CIP was also observed among the Staphylococcus (38.1%), Enterococcus (61.5%) and Streptococcus (85.0%), and the beta-lactamases positive rate was 95.2% among the Staphylococcus, but a lower resistance rate to NIT among Staphylococcus (2.4%) and Enterococcus (11.5%).

CONCLUSIONSResistance rates among common uropathogens continue to evolve and appear to be increasing to many commonly used agents especially to quinolones. Continued surveillance of resistance rates among uropathogens is needed to ensure appropriate recommendations for the treatment of the infections. Currently, the most appropriate agent for the empirical management of UTIs seems to be nitrofurantoin.

Ciprofloxacin ; therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Nitrofurantoin ; therapeutic use ; Urinary Tract Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology

The lymphatic system is of considerable importance in the spread of malignant tumors. Lymphography provides a simple and direct radiological method of demonstrating clinically unsuspected metastases in lymph nodes. Our study was intended to assess the role of lymphography in the management of the genitourinary tract tumors. The following results were obtained 1) It is helpful in the assessment of plaints with carcinoma of the penis, who have inguinal metastasis and are under consideration of inguinal lymphadenectomy. 2) It is helpful in determining the radiation portals. 3) It is helpful in deciding the stage of disease and in expecting the prognosis. 4) It is superior to IVP in detecting retroperitoneal metastasis. 5) It is valuable in confirming the completeness of lymphadenectomy. 6) It is helpful in reviewing the response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and also in the evaluation of recurrence within one year.
Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Catheters ; Drug Therapy ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic System ; Lymphography ; Male ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Penis ; Prognosis ; Radiotherapy ; Recurrence ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

During a 6 year period from 1979 to 1984, we examined 35 children with neuropathic bladder At the time of their initial presentation, incontinence was the most frequent symptom (66%) and urinary tract infection was present in 63% azotemia 7% upper tract dilatation 50% vesicoureteral reflux 55% Functional classification based on urodynamical assessment and clinical findings showed 21 patients (60%) with emptying failure and 14 patients (40%) with storage failure. The incidence of upper tract dilatation and urinary tract infection was significantly higher in patients With emptying failure than those with storage failure. These patients were managed with drug therapy, intermittent catheterization and urinary diversion and their follow-up observations are discussed.
Azotemia ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Child ; Classification ; Dilatation ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic* ; Urinary Diversion ; Urinary Tract Infections ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux

No abstract available.
Dextrans/*therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid/*therapeutic use ; Male ; Urinary Tract Infections/*epidemiology ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux/*drug therapy

OBJECTIVETo investigate the distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogens isolated from children with complicated urinary tract infection.

METHODSA retrospective analysis was performed on the distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogens isolated from 181 children with complicated urinary tract infection (positive urine culture). The antibiotic resistance of common pathogens was determined by the antimicrobial susceptibility test.

RESULTSGram-negative bacilli were the main pathogens (63.5%), and involved Escherichia coli (E.coli) of 42.0%. Gram-positive cocci accounted for 32.1%, and involved enterococci faecalis of 15.5%. Fungi infection was found in 4.4% of children. The resistance rate of E.coli to ampicillin was the highest (89.4%), but the rate decreased significantly by adding amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (34.2%). E.coli had a high resistance rate to cephazolin, ceftriaxone and cafalotin (>50%), but the resistance rate of E.coli to cefoperazone/sulbouam was significantly lower than other cephalosporins (P<0.01). E.coli was sensitive to imipenem and displayed a lower resistance rate to furadantin (<10%). The resistance rate of enterococci faecalis to rifampicin was high (78.3%), but was low to furadantin, vancomycin and linezolid (<10%). The multiresistant strains accounted for 77.4% of gram-negative bacilli.

CONCLUSIONSE.coli is the major pathogen in children with complicated urinary tract infection, and the enterococci-caused urinary tract infection has been increasing. These pathogens have a high antibiotic resistance, and most of them are multiresistant. Antimicrobial therapy should be based on the results of urine culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Enterococcus ; drug effects ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Urinary Tract Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology

BACKGROUND: Infection is the major life-threatening complication of acute leukemia. For the empirical treat-ment of infections in acute leukemia, monitoring of the patterns and trends of the infectious complications is im-portant. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated the febrile epi-sodes in patients with acute leukemia who were admitted to the Seoul National University Hospital during the period from January 1997 to December 1997. RESULTS: Seventy-eight febrile episodes in 56 patients were evaluated. Seventy percent of the febrile episodes were associated with chemotherapy, and 90% of them occurred during the neutropenic period. Common sites of infections were the gastrointestinal tract, followed by oropharynx, central venous catheter, perianal area, skin and soft tissue, blood stream, lung, paranasal sinus, liver, and urinary tract. Sixty-six percent of microbiologically- documented infections were caused by gram-negative organisms, and 26% by gram-positive organisms. Escheri-chia coli was the most common pathogen, and Staphy-lococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus ep idermidis, Streptococcus species were common in decreasing order. Ninety-one percent of the total infections were controlled with antimicrobial therapy. CONCLUSION: The gastrointestinal tract was the most frequent site of infections in acute leukemic patients. Gram-negative organisms were responsible for 66% of the microbiologically documented infections. Ninety-one percent of the infectious complications were controlled with antimicrobial therapy.
Central Venous Catheters ; Drug Therapy ; Enterobacter cloacae ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Leukemia* ; Liver ; Lung ; Opportunistic Infections ; Oropharynx ; Prospective Studies ; Rivers ; Seoul ; Skin ; Staphylococcus ; Streptococcus ; Urinary Tract