Owing to the development of molecular biological techniques to identify new biomarkers of bladder cancer, the information obtained from the studios in which newly developed biomarkers are applied potentially useful in screening of general population, diagnosis of patients, predicting biological behavior and prognosis, and exposure assessments. Despite of rapid development there are a few review about the biomarkers in bladder cancer from which grogs summary of results as well as their optimal function can be considered. This study was carried out in biomarkers of bladder cancer by reviewing the literature to assess the usefulness and stapes of researches for biomarkers of bladder cancer on high risk groups, general population and patients. The biomarkers of bladder cancer were classified by Weinstein's model of carcinogenesis, simple classification of exposure-discase in classical epidemiology, classification by conception of exposure-disease continuum on molecular epidemiology, and application of biomarkers. Two biomarkers, N-acetylation enzyme and Glutathion S-transferase, which had been studied extensively in molecular epidemiology were selected and reviewed. Although the generalization, prediction and diagnosis of bladder cancer based on a single biomarker give rise to trouble due to intravariation of bladder tumor and heterogeneity of biomarkers variation, searching for more specific tumor markers may accurately lead better prediction of prognosis and better estimation of treatment response. The usefulness of both N-acetylation enzyme and glutathion 5-transferase in high-risk groups who have exposes to carcinogen may be more valuable. However more informations are neede in order to apply these biomarkers in clinical practices in further studies.
Biological Markers* ; Carcinogenesis* ; Classification ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiology ; Fertilization ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Population Characteristics ; Prognosis ; Stapes ; Tumor Markers, Biological ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Urinary Bladder*

The purpose of this study is to investigate the frequency of prostate cancer (Pca) discovered incidentally in radical cystoprostatectomy specimens in Asia and to determine the feasibility of prostate-sparing cystectomy (PSC) for Asian patients. Ninety-two male bladder cancer patients who underwent radical cystoprostatectomy at our center between January 2003 and January 2008 were included in this study. The mean age of patients was 67.1 years (range: 32-75 years). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and digital rectal examination (DRE) results before surgery were obtained retrospectively. Prostates of all patients were embedded and sectioned at 5-mm intervals. The same pathologist examined the prostatic tissues from radical cystoprostatectomy specimens. Finally, a structured literature review was performed using MEDLINE and PUBMED to estimate the occurrence of incidental Pca in Asia. Of the 92 patients, 3 (3.3%) were found to have Pca; in one out of three (33.3%) patients the disease was clinically significant due to a Gleason grade 4 carcinoma. Eight articles were included in our review. The overall incidence of Pca discovered incidentally in radical cystoprostatectomy specimens in Asia was 9.9% (64/642). When age was restricted to < 60 years, only 7 out of 222 (3.2%) patients were found to have synchronous Pca, and none of the cases was clinically significant. The occurrence of Pca in radical cystoprostatectomy specimens in Asia is much lower than that in Western countries. PSC might be feasible for Asian patients under a strict preoperative selection.
Adult ; Aged ; Asia ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Cystectomy ; Humans ; Incidental Findings ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Prostatectomy ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; ethnology ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; surgery

Urothelial tumors of the renal pelvis and ureter are rare. Because of similar histologic appearance, symptomatology and epidemiology both tumors are considered as a single entity. We herein analyze retrospectively 55 patients with urothelial tumors of upper urinary tract who were admitted to Dept. of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital during 15 year period from June, 1970 to June. 1984. Most patients were in 6th and 7th decades. The predominant symptom was hematuria (83 %). The most common finding on I. V. P. was a filling defect (45%), as well as R. G. P.(78 %). The antegrade pyelography and CT scan were beneficial in differential diagnosis of nonopaque filling defect and in differentiating urothelial tumor from renal parenchymal tumor. Concomitant tumors were found in 25% of patients on initial presentation. Various surgical interventions were performed in 45 patients and palliative managements in 10 patients. Major proportion of patients were in stage A. or D. There was close correlation between cellular Grade and tumor Stage. Only 28 patients in 55 were followed properly. 17 patients in 28(61 %) survived more than 2 years. The bladder tumor recurred in 7 in 20 patients with stage A, B or C. Average survival of 8 patients with distant metastasis was 8.6 months. The incidence of bladder tumor in 2 year survived patients was 41%. The recurrence of Ureteral stump were found in 3 of 13 patients(23%).
Diagnosis, Differential ; Epidemiology ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kidney Pelvis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ureter ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Urinary Tract* ; Urography ; Urology

We developed nomograms to predict disease recurrence in patients with Ta, T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Thirty-eight training hospitals participated in this retrospective multicenter study. Between 1998 and 2002, a total of 1,587 patients with newly diagnosed non-muscle invasive bladder cancer were enrolled in this study. Patients with prior histories of bladder cancer, non-transitional cell carcinoma, or a follow-up duration of less than 12 months were excluded. With univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, we constructed nomograms to predict disease recurrence, and internal validation was performed using statistical techniques. Three-year and five-year recurrence-free rates were 64.3% and 55.3%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (hazard ratio [HR]=1.437, p<0.001), tumor size (HR=1.328, p=0.001), multiplicity (HR=1.505, p<0.001), tumor grade (HR=1.347, p=0.007), concomitant carcinoma in situ (HR=1.611, p=0.007), and intravesical therapy (HR=0.681, p<0.001) were independent predictors for disease recurrence. Based on these prognostic factors, nomograms for the prediction of disease recurrence were developed. These nomograms can be used to predict the probability of disease recurrence in patients with newly diagnosed Ta, T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. They may be useful for patient counseling, clinical trial design, and patient follow-up planning.
Aged ; Carcinoma in Situ/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/*diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; *Nomograms ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Prognosis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Recurrence ; Regression Analysis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*diagnosis/*epidemiology

PURPOSE: The efficacy of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) for men with postprostatectomy incontinence (PPI) after robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) is controversial and the mechanism for its possible effect remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between bladder neck (BN) displacement, as a proxy for puborectal muscle activation, and continence outcomes after RARP. METHODS: Data were extracted from the South Australian Prostate Cancer Clinical Outcomes Collaborative database for men undergoing RARP by high volume surgeons who attended preoperative pelvic floor physiotherapy for pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training between 2012 and 2015. Instructions were to contract the PFM as if stopping the flow of urine. BN displacement was measured with 2-dimensional transperineal ultrasound, without digital rectal examination. Urinary continence status was assessed preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12 months using the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite 26. Data were analysed using logistic regression and mixed effects linear modelling. Confounding variables considered were baseline continence, age at diagnosis, margin status, nerve sparing procedures and pathological stage. RESULTS: Of 671 eligible men, 358 met the inclusion criteria and were available for analysis, with 136 complete datasets at 12-month follow-up. While BN movement was associated with preoperative continence, there was no significant effect of BN displacement on the change in urinary continence at 12 months postprostatectomy (P=0.81) or on the influence of time on continence over 3–12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Continence outcomes were not associated with BN displacement, produced by activity of the puborectal portion of the levator ani muscle, at 3, 6, or 12 months after RARP. These results suggest that the puborectal muscle does not play a role in the recovery of continence after RARP and may help to explain the negative findings of many studies of PFMT for PPI.
Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Dataset ; Diagnosis ; Digital Rectal Examination ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Neck ; Pelvic Floor ; Prostatectomy* ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Proxy ; Surgeons ; Ultrasonography* ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Incontinence

Antiporters ; metabolism ; Carcinosarcoma ; epidemiology ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; ultrastructure ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Hemangiosarcoma ; pathology ; Humans ; Leiomyosarcoma ; pathology ; Mucin-1 ; metabolism ; Neoplasm Grading ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Rhabdomyosarcoma ; pathology ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; ultrastructure ; Vimentin ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: Among the various psychiatric disorders, depression is a common comorbid condition in cancer patients. Due to the distinct and diverse nature of cancer, the prevalence of depression may be assumed to be affected by differences in primary cancer sites. In this study, we explored the prevalence rates of depression among the ten most prevalent cancers in South Korea using a national patient sample. METHODS: This was a 1-year cross-sectional study using a national patient sample provided by the South Korean National Health Insurance in 2011. We selected all patients who had received ICD-10 codes of the 10 most prevalent cancers and major depressive disorder. Afterwards, the cancer and depression groups were merged and analyzed. RESULTS: The MDD prevalence rate was highest in lung cancer (11.0%), followed by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (9.2%), prostate (9.1%), bladder (8.8%), breast (7.8%), cervix (7.8%), colorectal (7.7%), stomach (6.9%), liver (6.5%), and thyroid cancer (5.6%). Within all cancer groups, patients with a MDD diagnosis were significantly older (p<0.05) than non-MDD patients. Colorectal, stomach, and thyroid cancer displayed a higher female proportion in the MDD group than the non-MDD group. In the subgroup analysis, the prevalence rate differed by age and sex. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of depression varied according to cancer types. Patients with lung cancer were the most prone to experience depression. Because clinical and psychological factors may influence MDD prevalence, these factors will need to be studied more closely in the future.
Breast ; Cervix Uteri ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depression* ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; International Classification of Diseases ; Korea* ; Liver ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin ; National Health Programs ; Prevalence* ; Prostate ; Psychology ; Stomach ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; Urinary Bladder

It has not yet been determined whether chronic exposure to relatively low doses of pioglitazone increases risk of bladder cancer. We aimed to assess the risk of bladder cancer associated with pioglitazone in Korean patients. This was a retrospective cohort study of diabetic patients who had > or = 2 clinic visits between November 2005 and June 2011 at one of four tertiary referral hospitals in Korea. A prevalent case-control analysis nested within the cohort was conducted to further adjust confounders. A total of 101,953 control patients and 11,240 pioglitazone-treated patients were included, in which there were 237 and 30 cases of incidental bladder cancer (64.9 and 54.9 per 100,000 person-years; age, sex-adjusted HR 1.135, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.769-1.677), respectively. In the prevalent case-control analysis nested within the cohort, use of pioglitazone for a duration of > 6 months, but not ever use of pioglitazone, was associated with an increased rate of bladder cancer as compared to never use of pioglitazone. In conclusion, we failed to exclude the possible association between use of pioglitazone for a duration of > 6 months and bladder cancer.
Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Case-Control Studies ; Cohort Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications/*drug therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Thiazolidinediones/*therapeutic use ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/complications/*diagnosis/epidemiology