No abstract available.
Onychomycosis* ; Urea*

No abstract available.
Renal Dialysis* ; Urea*

The influence of lead exposure on renal function was studied. Eighty nine lead exposed workers who worked in 2 storage battery factories, and seventy one control workers were chosen for this study. Blood lead(pbB) and zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood(ZPP) were selected as indicators of lead exposure. As indicators of renal function, urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase(NAG), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), serum creatinine(S-Cr), total protein in urine(U-Tp),and serum uric acid(S-Ua) were selected. The results obtained were as follows: 1. while the mean values of lead exposure indicators of lead workers were significantly different from non-exposed ones, the mean values of NAG, U-TP, BUN and S-Cr of renal function indicators of exposed were also significantly different from non-exposed but their mean values were all within normal limits. 2. BUN, logarithmic U-TP, logarithmic NAG and S-Cr showed statistically significant correlation with pbB. 3. The proportion of workers whose values of renal function indicators were over the normal limits(NAG7.5 U/g cr; U-TP 10.9mg/dl; BuN20 mg/dl; S-Cr1.2 mg/dl; S-Ua7.0 mg/dl) by the level of lead absorption in terms of pbB and ZPP were calculated. The proportion of workers with over the normal limits of U-TP among total workers showed the dose-response relationship. when age is adjusted, U-TP showed significantly strong dose-response relationship with the level of pbB and ZPP.
Absorption ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Humans ; Male* ; Urea ; Zinc

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the whitening efficacy and longevity of home bleaching. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 28 patients were divided into either experimental group (Opalescence F; 15% carbamide peroxide) or control group randomly. The patients in experimental group were instructed to wear individual trays applied with bleaching gel for 2 hours a day for 4 weeks. Any treatments weren't applied to the patients in control group. The color measurements of central incisors, lateral incisors & canines of upper and lower arch were recorded at base line, immediately after the finishment of treatmemt (4 weeks), 8 weeks and 12 weeks using Colorimeter (Chroma Meter, 2600d Konica Minolta co.) and Vitapan classical shade guide (Vita Zahnfabrik). RESULTS: A significantly stronger color change was observed for overall teeth samples in experimental group immediately after treatment (at 4 weeks) compared to ones in control group (p < 0.05). There was also a significant difference between baseline and 8 weeks or 12 weeks separately though color rebouncing phenomenon occurred as time went by (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical effecacy and longevity of home bleaching without combined application of in-office bleaching was observed through this experiment.
Humans ; Incisor ; Longevity ; Tooth ; Urea

To produce a concentrated urine, the renal medulla needs hypertonicity for the reabsorption of free water from collecting duct. The single effect that increases interstitial tonicity in the outer medulla is the active NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending limb, while the single effect in the inner medulla is the passive efflux of NaCl through the thin ascending limb. The passive mechanism in the inner medulla requires high interstitial urea concentration. Two main groups of urea transporters (UT-A, UT-B) are present in the kidney, which maintains the high concentration of urea in the deepest portion of the inner medulla by intra-renal urea recycling. Recent studies suggest that UT-A1 in the terminal inner medullary collecting duct is up-regulated when urine or inner medullary interstitial urea is depleted in order to enhance the reabsorption of urea, while UT-A2 in the descending thin limb of loops of Henle and UT-B in the descending vasa recta are increased when outer medullary interstitial urea concentration is high, in order to prevent the loss of urea from the medulla to the systemic circulation, thereby increasing intra-renal urea recycling. This review will summarize the functions of the renal urea transporters in urine concentration mechanism and the recent knowledge about their long-term regulation.
Extremities ; Kidney ; Recycling ; Urea* ; Water

Ethyl carbamate (EC), a carcinogenic and teratogenic chemical that is widely distributed in various alcoholic beverages, has attracted much attention. Microbial enzymatic degradation of EC in rice wine is always efficient and attractive. In this review, we summarize the research progress and problems of microbial enzymatic elimination of EC in rice wine from three aspects: the mechanisms of EC formation in rice wine, the research progress of acid urease, and the research progress of urethanase. Then, we propose the corresponding strategies to solve the problems: screening new urethanase with satisfied enzyme properties, food-grade expression and directed evolution of the bifunctional Fe³⁺-dependent acid urease and acid urease used in combination with urethanase to eliminate both urea and EC in rice wine.
Oryza ; Urea ; Urease ; Urethane ; Wine

PURPOSE: Postdialysis urea rebound(PDUR) causes the overestimation of actual amount of delivered dialysis in Kt/V from single pool urea kinetic. To correct PDUR and predict equilibrated Kt/V(eKt/V) some methods have suggested by Daugirdas, et al., Smye, et al. and Tattersall, et al. The purposes of this study were to determine the optimum intradialytic urea sample time that fits best with PDUR and to compare calculated Kt/V by this sample with the different other methods. METHODS: The subjects were 21 patients who were dialyzed at three times 4 hours weekly, using bicarbonate and cellulosynthetic membranes. Blood samples to measure BUN were obtained at initiation of dialysis session and then at 80, 120, 180, 200, 210, 220 minutes, and the end of dialysis session times and then at 45 minutes of postdialysis. We compared four different methods of eKt/V with the equilibrated 45-minute PDUR Kt/V(eKt/V PDUR) as the reference method. RESULTS: The mean PDUR was 17.2+/-%. spKt/V and eKt/V PDUR was 1.300+/-.24 and 1.120+/-.20 respectively, leading to overestimation of actual delivered Kt/V by 13.5+/-%. The best time for intradialytic sampling to fit with PDUR BUN was 40 minute before the end of session. eKt/V by Daugirdas formulae(eKt/V Dau=1.315+/-.21, r=0.972, p<0.001), Tattersal formulae(eKt/V Tat=1.134+/-.22, r= 0.972, p<0.972, p<0.001) and Smye formulae(eKt/V Smye=1.156+/-.24, r=0.900, p<0.001) showed good correlation with eKt/V PDUR. eKt/V calculated by the sample of 40 minute before end of session(eKt/V T-40=1.120+/-.20, r=0.984) had tendency of the best correlation with eKt/V PDUR. Among these different methods, eKt/V T-40 had the best degree of agreement with eKt/V PDUR by Bland-Altman analysis. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the use of spKt/V is not adequate to estimate the amount of delivered hemodialysis dose because of the existence of significant postdialysis urea rebound even conventional 4 hour dialysis. Intradialytic sampling method is a simple and accurate method to predict eKt/V for use in clinical practice.
Dialysis ; Humans ; Membranes ; Renal Dialysis ; Urea*

The viscosity of rabbit's vitreous filtrate was measured after intra-venous infusion of 30% urea in 10% glcuose solution and 10% glucose solution. The dosage administered was 1g per kg of body weight. As shown in table, the relative viscosity increased after infusion of urea and glucose solution and no difference was found in the extent of increase in viscosity between urea- and glucose-treated groups. The mechanism of viscosity increase and its relation to the intra-ocular pressure were discussed.
Body Weight ; Glucose ; Urea* ; Viscosity* ; Vitreous Body*

BACKGROUND: To assess the adequacy of dialysis, serial urea kinetic modeling (single-pool Kt/V) is used. The main problems that lead to impaired delivery of dialysis prescriptions are inadequate blood flow, reduced treatment time and recirculation. If it is true that the shorter distance between two needles induces the more recirculation, short needle distance would reduce Kt/V. But, usually there is no access recirculation, because upstream access supply exceeds the demand of the blood pump. So we have a question about the relationship between recirculation and needle distance. METHODS: Thirty five chronic dialysis patients were enrolled. We measured access recirculation (a two-needle, slow/stop flow method) and Kt/V with needle distance of 2 cm, 5 cm, and 11 cm in each patient. Three dialysis session were done with each needle distance. Treatment time, dialyzer and blood flow rate were fixed during the study period. RESULTS: Access recirculation with needle distance of 2 cm was 5.37+/-7.53%, with needle distance of 5 cm, 4.26+/-5.69%, and with needle distance of 11 cm, 4.30+/-5.69%. There was no difference of recirculation between three distance. Kt/V with needle distance of 2 cm was 1.27+/-0.19, with needle distance of 5 cm was 1.26+/-0.19, and with needle distance of 11 cm was 1.23+/-0.18. There was no difference of Kt/V between three distance. CONCLUSION: There is no relationship between access recirculation and needle distance. We suggest that short distance between two needles does not increase recirculation and may not a cause of impaired delivery of dialysis prescription.
Dialysis ; Humans ; Needles* ; Prescriptions ; Renal Dialysis* ; Urea

In clinic, esthetic restoration of a defective natural tooth with composite resin is challenging procedure and needs complete understanding of the color of tooth itself and materials used. The optical characteristics of the composites are different because the chemical compositions and microstructures are not same. This review provided basic knowledge of the color and the color measurement devices, and analyze the color of the natural tooth. Further, the accuracy of the shade tab, color of the composite resins before and after curing, effect of the water, food and bleaching agent, and translucency, opalescence, and fluorescence effects were evaluated.
Composite Resins ; Fluorescence ; Peroxides ; Tooth ; Urea ; Water