OBJECTIVETo measure and analyze the personal noise exposure of city metro station workers by using noise dosimeter.

METHODSAccording to job category and work type, all workers were divided into 4 groups. The workers from each group were selected as subjects for personal noise exposure measurement. CEL-320 dosimeters were worn by each subject and noise data collected by a phone fixed at collar. All subjects were asked to take notes about their working activities when they were wearing CEL-320 dosimeters. Each worker's one workday LAeq, geometric mean and range of each group were computed.

RESULTSThere were many noise sources in the metro station, and the noise exposure was unstable. The varieties of personal noise levels were recorded among 48 workers, the highest LAeq work type was of the instrument room, (81.8 +/- 2.5) dB (A), and the biggest LAeq rang was of the hall, 8.1 dB (A). The lowest LAeq was of the station control room (68.7 +/- 1.8) dB (A) and the lowest LAeq rang also was there, 4.0 dB (A).

CONCLUSIONThe personal noise exposure of metro station should be implicated. Measuring personal noise exposure individually with dosimeters might obtain the noise exposure level more integrally in the complicated environment.

Humans ; Noise, Occupational ; statistics & numerical data ; Occupational Exposure ; analysis ; statistics & numerical data ; Railroads ; Urban Population

Objective: To describe the characteristics of cooking and heating fuel use in participants from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study. Methods: The CKB study recruited 512 891 adults from 10 areas in China during 2004-2008. Information on cooking fuel and heating fuel was collected using a questionnaire in baseline survey. The proportions of various fuels used in different areas, in different populations, and at different time points were calculated and compared. Results: Overall, 52.1% participants used solid fuel for cooking or heating. Rural areas had higher prevalence of solid fuel use than urban areas. The percentage of participants using solid fuel for cooking was 36.1% (coal 20.1%, wood/charcoal 16.0%); The percentage of participants using solid fuel for heating was 36.7% (coal 22.7%, wood/charcoal 14.0%). The prevalence of solid fuel use and the fuel type mainly used varied widely across 10 areas. The proportion of clean fuel use was lower in less-educated and lower-income people. Household coal and wood/charcoal use showed a declining trend, which was more remarkable in urban areas. Conclusion: There are still a large number of rural residents and people with low income relying on solid fuel in China, which is a serious public health concern.
Adult ; Air Pollution, Indoor ; China ; Coal ; Cooking ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data* ; Urban Population/statistics & numerical data*

Population-based cancer registration data were collected to estimate the cancer incidence and mortality in Wuwei, Hexi Corridor Region, China in 2018. We used the 2011-2013 data to predict the number of new cases and deaths in 2018 and the 2003-2013 data to analyze trends in cancer incidence and mortality. The goal is to enable cancer prevention and control directions. Our results indicated that stomach cancer is the most common cancer. For all cancers combined, the incidence and mortality rates showed significantly increasing trends (+2.63% per year; P < 0.05 and +1.9% per year; P < 0.05). This study revealed a significant cancer burden among the population of this area. Cancer screening and prevention should be performed after an epidemiological study of the cause of the cancer is completed.
China ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Neoplasms ; classification ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Population Surveillance ; Registries ; statistics & numerical data ; Rural Population ; Urban Population

PURPOSE: This study was aimed to determine the status and related factors of age-appropriate immunization among urban-rural children aged 24-35 months in a 2005 population-based survey in Nonsan, Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted household survey and provider check using questionnaire and checklist to obtain data on immunization status for children, aged 24-35 months. Age-appropriate immunization was defined as status of receiving the fourth diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (4 DTP), 3 Polio, the first measles-mumps-rubella (1 MMR) doses, and the 4 : 3 : 1 series. RESULTS: Age-appropriate immunization rates were 51.7% for 4 DPT, 88.0% for 3 Polio, 87.9% for 1 MMR, and 50.3% for the 4 : 3 : 1 series. First-born children, lower perceived barrier scores, and higher perception of immunization data were significantly related to age-appropriate immunization. CONCLUSION: The findings indicated that age-appropriate immunization rate could be improved by implementing reminder/recall service and providing the knowledge about immunization. Identification and consideration related factors would improve immunization rate and age-appropriate immunization.
Child, Preschool ; Data Collection ; Humans ; Immunization/*statistics & numerical data ; *Immunization Schedule ; Republic of Korea ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data ; Urban Population/statistics & numerical data

OBJECTIVETo overview the contribution of diabetes in the burden of diseases.

METHODSBased on the data published by MOH, prevalence rate, mortality rate, cause eliminated life year were used to calculate the health burden of disease. Meanwhile, direct economic burden of diseases was presented.

RESULTSAccording the calculation, about 23 million of people suffered from diabetes and 90,000 died from diabetes. The cause eliminated life year attributed to diabetes is different between urban and rural, 0.21 years for urban and 0.08 years for rural. Moreover, the direct economic burden reached 1.071 billion RMB, about 1.88% of national health expenditure at the same period.

CONCLUSIONThe burden of diabetes, based on calculation of both health and economic burden, and will give a heavy pressure to the government and society.

China ; epidemiology ; Cost of Illness ; Diabetes Mellitus ; economics ; mortality ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Survival Rate ; Urban Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Vital Statistics

OBJECTIVEBased on the cancer registry data to analyze the mortality and survival of liver cancer in China.

METHODSLiver cancer data of 2011 were retrieved from the National Cancer Registry Database.Liver cancer deaths were estimated using age-specific rate by areas and gender according to the national population in 2011. Mortality data from 22 cancer registries during 2000-2011 were used to analyze the mortality trend, and data from 17 cancer registries during 2003-2005 were used for survival analysis.

RESULTSThe estimates of liver cancer deaths were about 322 thousand in 2011 with a crude mortality rate of 23.93/10(5).There was an increasing trend of crude mortality rate of liver cancer during 2000-2011 in 22 Chinese cancer registries with an average annual percentage change of 0.7% (95%CI: 0.2%-1.2%), 1.1% in urban and 0.4% in rural areas. After age standardization with Segi's population, the mortality rate was significantly decreased, with an APC of -2.3%, -1.9% in urban and -2.2% in rural populations. The 5-year age standardized relative survival was 10.1% (95%CI: 9.5% to 10.7%), and the 1-, 3- and the 5-year observed survival rates were 27.2%, 12.7%, and 8.9%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONLiver cancer is a major cancer threatening people's lives and health in China, and the liver cancer burden is still high.

China ; epidemiology ; Databases, Factual ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Incidence ; Liver Neoplasms ; mortality ; Registries ; statistics & numerical data ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data ; trends ; Survival Analysis ; Survival Rate ; Urban Population

This study analyze the relation between body composition, physical activity (PA), and sex in Chilean children from rural and urban public educational institutions. The prevalence of obesity (according to BMI) was 30.88% in urban children and 28.93% in rural children. Central obesity presented mainly in the rural girls. Approximately 90% of the participants reported <7 h of PA/week, regardless of residential area. In addition, central fat was strongly associated with rural residence; the children reported lower PA levels, and they presented a higher prevalence of central fat. The results reflect the need to implement programs to improve PA conditions in the child urban-rural population.
Adolescent ; Body Fat Distribution ; statistics & numerical data ; Child ; Chile ; epidemiology ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity ; epidemiology ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Urban Population ; statistics & numerical data

OBJECTIVETo study the relation between temperature and mortality by estimating the temperature-related mortality in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou.

METHODSData of daily mortality, weather and air pollution in the three cities were collected. A distributed lag nonlinear model was established and used in analyzing the effects of temperature on mortality. Current and future net temperature-related mortality was estimated.

RESULTSThe association between temperature and mortality was J-shaped, with an increased death risk of both hot and cold temperature in these cities. The effects of cold temperature on health lasted longer than those of hot temperature. The projected temperature-related mortality increased with the decreased cold-related mortality. The mortality was higher in Guangzhou than in Beijing and Shanghai.

CONCLUSIONThe impact of temperature on health varies in the 3 cities of China, which may have implications for climate policy making in China.

China ; Cities ; Climate Change ; Environmental Monitoring ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Mortality ; Temperature ; Urban Population ; statistics & numerical data

Little is known about the prevalence of atopic dermatitis and food allergy outside North America and Europe. We evaluated the prevalence of atopic dermatitis and food allergy with the comparison of prevalence between 1995 and 2000 in Korea and evaluated the correlation of prevalence between atopic dermatitis and food allergy. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted on random samples of schoolchildren 6 to 14 yr at two time points, 1995 and 2000 throughout Korea. The last twelve months prevalence of atopic dermatitis in Korean school-aged children was increased from 1995 to 2000. The twelve-month prevalence of atopic dermatitis and food allergy were higher in Seoul than in any other provincial cities in 1995, but the prevalence of both diseases in Seoul and Provincial Centers became to be similar in 2000. The rate responded to food allergy of children with atopic dermatitis (9.5%) was lower than that of the western countries (60%). And our data demonstrated paternal and maternal allergy history is very significantly correlated to developing atopic dermatitis in their offspring. The further objective evaluations are required to confirm these outcomes because the environmental and risk factors may be different among the countries according to their living cultures.
Adolescent ; Child ; Dermatitis, Atopic/*epidemiology ; Female ; Food Hypersensitivity/*epidemiology ; Humans ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Prevalence ; Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data ; Urban Population/statistics & numerical data

OBJECTIVETo study the relationship between milk intake of 3 - 6 years old preschool children and their growth.

METHODSThe data bank of 2002 China National and Health Survey were used to analyze the relationship of milk consumption and the growth of children aged 3 - 6 in urban and rural areas.

RESULTSThe percentages of the diet with milk in urban and rural areas were 46.9% and 8.2% respectively, there was significant difference between the urban and rural areas. The averaged milk intake of preschool children were 23.8 g/d, the milk intake of urban children was significantly higher than that in the rural areas (P < 0.01). The height and weight of children with milk or its products in their diets in the group aged 4, 5 and 6 years were significantly higher than those of children without milk or its products in their diets (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThere was close relationship between milk intake of children 3 - 6 years old and their growth, the volume of milk intake of preschool children should be improved in urban and rural areas.

Animals ; Body Height ; Body Weight ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Dairy Products ; Diet ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Milk ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Urban Population ; statistics & numerical data