Upper case Bee ; Transplantation of liver ; Hepatitis, Chronic

Upper case Bee ; Therapeutic procedure ; Hepatitis, Chronic

A semi laboratory experiment using 3 cohorts of Aedes albopictus adults was performed to obtain age-specific mortality and fecundity information and to derive statistical estimates of some population growth parameters. Life expectancy was calculated for both males and females. The following population parameters were estimated: intrinsic rate of increase (rm= 0.21), net reproductive (replacement) rate (Ro= 68.70), age at mean cohort reproduction (To=10.55 days), birth rate (B=0.23), death rate (D=0.02) and generation time (G=20.14 days). The high rm/B (0.91) and B/D (11.50) ratios indicated the high colonizing ability of Ae. albopictus in nature.
Upper case Bee ; Aedes albopictus ; Upper case dee ; Population ; Culicidae

Carbon ion ; upper case gee ; Upper case Bee ; Vaccination ; Philippines

The objective was to estimate the prevalence of intestinal protozoa among the aborigines and to determine the problems regarding the infection. The study was carried out in January 2006 in Pos Senderut, Pahang, Malaysia. Samples of faeces were collected from children and adults and these were fixed in PVA and trichrome staining was carried out. From the 130 individuals studied, 94 (72.3%) were positive with at least one intestinal protozoa. Nine intestinal protozoa namely Blastocystis hominis, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba hartmani, Entamoeba polecki, Iodamoeba butschlii and Chilomastix mesnili were detected. The prevalent species were B. hominis (52.3%), followed by G. lamblia (29.2%), E. coli (26.2%) and E. histolytica (18.5%). The other species ranged from 1.5 to 10.8%. Among the positive samples, mixed infection with E. histolytica and G. lamblia was 3.8%, E. histolytica and B. hominis was 15.4%, G. lamblia and B. hominis was 17.7%. Triple infection of E. histolytica, G. lamblia and B. hominis was 3.1%. The infection was more prevalent in children below 10 years age group (45.4%) and lowest in the age above 60 years (3.8%). The high prevalence was attributable to poor environmental management, poor personal hygiene and lack of health education.
Protozoal ; upper case gee ; Upper case ee ; Upper case Bee ; Infection as complication of medical care

B. pseudomallei has been shown to persist intracellularly in melioidosis patients until reactivated by decreasing immunocompetence. We have shown by transmission electron microscopy the internalization of B. pseudomallei by human macrophages via conventional phagocytosis enclosed within membrane-bound vacuoles or phagosomes. Ferritin labeled lysosomes provided evidence of phagosome-lysosome fusion. Ingested bacilli were designated as "intact" or "damaged" on the basis of their ultrastructural features. An intact bacterium was seen with low electron opaque central nuclear region surrounded by dense bacterial cytoplasm, bounded externally by bacterial plasma membrane and cell wall. In contrast, B. pseudomallei were considered damaged when seen with cavitation within the central nuclear region, separation of bacterial cytoplasm from the cell wall, herniation of cytoplasmic contents and lamination of bacterial cell wall and its surrounding electron transparent zone. Our observations indicate that the microbicidal mechanism(s) in B. pseudomallei-infected macrophages failed to ensure complete clearance of the organism and this failure probably facilitates intracellular persistence and proliferation, and this may be one of the survival strategies adopted by this organism.
Upper case Bee ; Human ; Cytoplasm ; Cell Wall ; seconds

During a forensic entomological study conducted at an oil palm plantation in Tanjung Sepat, Kuala Langat, Selangor, a Bengalia emarginata Malloch, 1927 (Diptera: Calliphoridae: Calliphorinae: Bengalini) was collected for the first time. Two adults were collected nearby the pig carcass by the first author and identified by the second. Prior to this finding, nine species of Bengalia were recorded from peninsular Malaysia or Borneo. Male of B. emarginata are different from Bengalia varicolor Fabricious by the following characters: Sternite 5 projection rounded with small identation and mid tibia double-fringed in ventral surface.
Calliphoridae ; Malaysia ; Diptera ; Upper case Bee ; Status pre-

We investigated the incidence of surgical site infection and the number of days required for recuperation in patients who used open drains or closed drains after genitourinary tract surgery. As the method of (statistical) examination, Mann-Whitney's U test was used. Enrolled in this study were 14 patients (mean age:66.3 years) using open drains during the period from May to October 2001 (group A) and another 14 patients (mean age:64.9 years) using closed drains during the period from December 2001 to May 2002 (group B). Using gauze and drains, germ culture was made. From cultures it was found that six out of the 14 group A patients (42.8%) had been infected with Staphylococcus epidermidis, enterococcus and/or MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) but that all of the group B patients had been were negative, thus marking a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p<0/01). A check on the duration of the administration of antibiotics showed 7-42 days (mean:24.5 days) for group A as against 4-11 days (mean:6.1 days) for group B. It was also revealed that there was a significant difference (p<0.01) between the two groups in the number of the days when gauze was exchanged:10-31 days (mean:19.1 days) for group A versus 3-10 days (mean:7.9 days) for group B. In many other respects, the closed drainage group was found to be doing well postoperatively compared with the open drainage group.It was also noted that the patients of the open drainage group had run into a lot of difficulties eating, sleeping, excreting and doing daily activities due to bacterial infections.By switching from open drainage to closed drainage in postoperative procedures,our department has succeeded in reducing the incidence of surgical site infections, thus making it possible to obtain a remarkably favorable result in terms of recuperation.
Discharge, Body Substance ; Upper case Bee ; Genitourinary ; Postoperative Period ; Infections of musculoskeletal system

Four to 6 months of conventional interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) (5MU daily or 10MU three times weekly) resulted in HBeAg loss in approximately 33% of HBeAg positive patients (controls: 12%). Longer treatment duration improved HBeAg seroconversion. Children with chronic HBV infection and high ALT respond to IFN-a at similar rates. Good end-of-treatment (ET) biochemical and virological response were also achieved with IFN-alpha in HBeAg negative, HBV-DNA positive hepatitis patients. Sustained response (SR) however, was disappointing, but improved with longer duration of treatment: (10-15% SR with 4/6 months treatment: 30% SR with 24 months treatment). Weekly pegylated IFN-alpha2a (PegIFN-alpha2a) for 24 weeks gave a significantly higher HBeAg conversion rate (33%) than conventional IFN-alpha2a (25%). Fifty-two weeks of PegIFN-alpha2b gave a sustained HBeAg loss in 35% patients and HBeAg seroconversion in 29% patients. Similar results were obtained with 48 weeks of weekly PegIFN-alpha2a. PegIFN-alpha2a monotherapy was found to be superior to lamivudine monotherapy in affecting a 6-month SR (normal ALTs and HBV DNA < 20,000 copies/mL) in HBeAg negative/anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B patients. There is a tendency for IFN-a and lamivudine combination to result in better sustained response than lamivudine monotherapy. This tendency is also observed with PegIFN-a and lamivudine combination although the combination did not appear to be better than PegIFN-alpha monotherapy. IFN induced HBeAg seroconversion is durable, could increase over time and resulted in better overall survival and survival free of hepatic decompensation or hepatocellular cancer. The main advantage of IFN-a therapy is that a course of finite duration may achieve sustained off-therapy response in a proportion of both HBeAg positive and HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B patients. However, IFN treatment is usually associated with side-effects, especially flu-like symptoms, fatigue, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and depression. These are usually tolerable but may require dose modification and premature cessation of treatment (5%). Interferon therapy induced hepatitis flares may lead to decompensation in patients with cirrhosis and can be dangerous in patients with decompensated liver function despite dose reduction.
Hepatitis B e Antigens ; therapeutic aspects ; Therapeutic procedure ; month ; Upper case Bee

A study was conducted to evaluate the infection status of Blastocystis hominis in children from four public schools in Phuttamonthon district, Nakhon Pathom province, Thailand during November to December 2004. A total of 814 faecal specimens were used for B. hominis cultivation using Jones' medium. Mixed infections with other intestinal parasites were also examined by formalin ethyl acetate concentration method. It was found that 13.51% (110 of 814) of the children examined were infected with B. hominis. Mixed infections with other intestinal protozoa and helminths were observed in 10.91% (12 of 110) of B. hominis positive specimens. There were Giardia lamblia cysts (4.55%), Trichomonas hominis trophozoites (1.82%), Entamoeba histolytica cysts (0.91%), Endolimax nana cysts (0.91%), Strongyloides stercoralis larvae (0.91%), hookworm eggs (0.91%), and Trichuris trichiura eggs (0.91%). Of the children positive for B. hominis, there was no significant differences between sex (P > 0.05) and showed no correlation between age and the percentage of infection. The different infection rates among four schools indicated the involvement of hygienic factors which promoted the infection of this common intestinal protozoan. Variation in size of B. hominis was found in culture medium, which might indicate to the presence of different strains of B. hominis infection.
Infection as complication of medical care ; Upper case Bee ; Blastocystis hominis ; Thailand ; Child