Objectives: The health financing scheme brought by the Universal Health Care Act has a significant change in the landscape of allocating funds for health services, as well as in the delineation of roles among the key actors. Consistent with the law, the protection from the health financial risks of Filipinos must be guaranteed. This study aimed to determine the roles of the government and other key agencies in financing population-based and individual-based health services in the Philippines. Methods: A systematic review of literature was done to generate evidence for the policy brief and proposed policy alternatives. The UP Manila Health Policy Development Hub organized a roundtable discussion in collaboration with the Department of Health participated by key stakeholders from various sectors involved in the policy issue. Systematic review and insights from the discussion were analyzed to produce consensus policy recommendations. Results: Given the current procurement and financing, the DOH should fund population-based services while PhilHealth, with the assistance of Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO) for premium holders, should fund individual-based services. Health programs with grey areas (i.e. with both individual- and population-based service) need further technical discussions. It is imperative to have clear-cut specific guidelines on the managerial and financial roles of the provincial health board and the scope of financing service delivery. Conclusion Delineating the roles of DOH, PhilHealth, and HMOs in financing health services is not without risks. The utilization of the special health fund at the provincial level should be carefully implemented and monitored to minimize inefficiencies and fraud.
Healthcare Financing ; Universal Health Insurance ; Insurance, Health

Background: As the Philippines moves toward universal health coverage, it is imperative to examine how to eliminate inefficiencies, particularly misuse, overutilization, and risks of fraudulent claims. This position statement aimed to identify health services requiring copayments for cost-efficient health financing for the Universal Health Care Act. Methods: A qualitative study was employed using a systematic review of literature, and thematic analysis of policy roundtable discussion (RTD) was conducted. The systematic review of literature generated evidence for the policy brief and critical points for discussion in the stakeholders’ RTD forum. The RTD was organized by the UP Manila Health Policy Development Hub (UPM HPDH) with the Department of Health (DOH) and was participated by key stakeholders of the policy issue to attain consensus recommendations and develop criteria for identifying services requiring copayments. Results: An algorithm is proposed by the UPM HPDH based on collective expertise as a guide for policymakers to assess each benefit package in terms of overutilization, the danger of depleting government funds, and the risk of fraud. The use of clinical pathways is suggested to assess the misuse and overutilization of health services. In addition to copayments, benefits packages prone to fraudulent activities should be subjected to fraud prevention processes. Copayment should be linked inversely to the preventability level of the disease or condition. Conclusion There were gaps in the current policies to identify services requiring copayment services. Copayment schemes should be carefully determined to prevent misuse, overuse, and fraud of appropriate and necessary health services, while at the same time not limit access to needed care.
Universal Health Insurance ; Cost Sharing ; Medical Overuse

Background: Guaranteeing quality of health care services is part of the objectives of Republic Act No. 11223 or the Universal Health Care (UHC) Act of 2019. In assuring that quality services are delivered by health care providers, they must be accredited to participate in the National Health Insurance Program. The UHC Act mandates the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) to recognize third party mechanisms as basis of granting incentives for health facilities that deliver services of higher quality. This review aimed to identify lessons and experiences from literature that can be adopted and contextualized in the Philippine setting, for strategic policies on strengthening the national health facility accreditation system. Methods: A systematic review of literature was conducted to generate evidence-based recommendations from discussions on cross country experiences and local government initiatives towards improved accreditation system. Results: By virtue of the UHC Act, a form of strategic purchasing is further institutionalized through a rating system that incentivizes health facilities that provide better services in terms of quality, efficiency, and equity. It is imperative to consider the country’s previous and current gaps and challenges in accreditation and adopt the best practices of other countries, as appropriate to Philippine's local settings. A tool is proposed in creating a national hospital accreditation system using the domains of leadership and governance, financing and sustainability, standards development, program management, and continuing quality improvement. Conclusion and Recommendations With the legitimacy of third party accreditation body mandated by the UHC Act, operationalization of the prescribed mechanisms and organizational structure must enjoin all pertinent stakeholders and be supported by sustainable funds and technical assistance by the government.
Universal Health Insurance ; Universal Health Care ; Insurance ; Health Policy ; National Health Programs ; Accreditation

The World Health Organization (WHO) released the global strategy report on digital health (2020-2025) in Geneva in 2019, which established the priority of the digital health strategy and formulated strategic objectives, guiding principles, action framework and implementation plans to promote the development of global digital health, and to achieve universal health coverage and the health-related sustainable development goals. Despite China's rapid development in the field of digital health, there is still a big gap between the realization of the goal of digital health. Therefore, it is urgent to grasp the major historical opportunity and step into a new era of digital health with the support of digital technology platform.
China ; Global Health ; Humans ; Universal Health Insurance ; World Health Organization

Background: The Universal Health Care Law seeks to optimize financing of personnel costs without compromising quality and equitable health care among the health care facilities. This position statement aimed to identify strategies and policy recommendations for the cost-effective financing of health personnel in public healthcare facilities. Methods: A systematic review of literature was done to generate policy brief and key points for roundtable discussion in collaboration with the Department of Health (DOH). The discussion was guided by the three health financing options of DOH: (a) retain Personnel Services (PS) as DOH budget but shift Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses (MOOE) to PhilHealth; (b) shift PS and MOOE to PhilHealth, and (c) rationalize part-time status in government hospitals. Results: The pros and cons of financing options were cross-examined. In Option 1, physicians in government hospitals would receive fixed salaries from DOH / Local Government Units. In Option 2, there would be a monopsony between PhilHealth and provincial power. Payment will be performance-driven, and balance billing will be eliminated. Option 3 would be a set up of retaining part-time positions for physicians. Conclusion and Recommendation Participants deduced that for Option 1, provision of salary augmentation sources and ensuring adequate plantilla items and level of remuneration in government hospitals should be considered, in order to sufficiently compete with physicians’ income from private practice. For Option 2, the PhilHealth reimbursement system should ensure timely reimbursement so as not to subject care providers to financial instabilities. For Option 3, rationalizing part-time status should be flexible and can be applied regardless of how physicians are paid, as this would incentivize caregivers to work harder and smarter.
Universal Health Insurance ; Healthcare Financing ; Physicians ; Universal Health Care ; Reimbursement Mechanisms

Health Insurance and Review Assessment (HIRA) in South Korea, also called National Health Insurance (NHI) data, is a repository of claims data collected in the process of reimbursing healthcare providers. Under the universal coverage system, having fee-for-services covering all citizens in South Korea, HIRA contains comprehensive and rich information pertaining to healthcare services such as treatments, pharmaceuticals, procedures, and diagnoses for almost 50 million beneficiaries. This corpus of HIRA data, which constitutes a large repository of data in the healthcare sector, has enormous potential to create value in several ways: enhancing the efficiency of the healthcare delivery system without compromising quality of care; adding supporting evidence for a given intervention; and providing the information needed to prevent (or monitor) adverse events. In order to actualize this potential, HIRA data need to actively be utilized for research. Thus understanding this data would greatly enhance this potential. We introduce HIRA data as an important source for health research and provide guidelines for researchers who are currently utilizing HIRA, or interested in doing so, to answer their research questions. We present the characteristics and structure of HIRA data. We discuss strengths and limitations that should be considered in conducting research with HIRA data and suggest strategies for optimal utilization of HIRA data by reviewing published research using HIRA data.
Delivery of Health Care ; Diagnosis ; Health Care Sector ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Insurance, Health* ; Korea* ; National Health Programs ; Universal Coverage

According to Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development health statistics data, out-of-pocket expenditures account for 36.8% of current health expenditures in Korea, in contrast to the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development average of 20.3%. The government has announced the implementation of a new healthcare policy to reduce out-of-pocket expenditures. Korea already has a universal coverage system for most essential health care services. Even though health services based on out-of-pocket expenditures are usually optional, and are supported by lower levels of evidence, the National Health Insurance program has promised to cover all medical services except for cosmetic plastic surgery. This will drive more demand for optional health services and drain healthcare resources. Korea needs improvement of its quality care system instead of high-cost optional services, because of the rapid transition to an aging society.
Aging ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Fantasy* ; Health Expenditures ; Health Services ; Insurance Coverage ; Korea* ; National Health Programs ; Surgery, Plastic ; Universal Coverage

BACKGROUND: There is a perceived need among policymakers and other actors in the local health system to better address the challenges in financing healthcare, in general, and chronic or debilitating conditions, in particular, in order to develop appropriate policy and program responses.
OBJECTIVE: This paper aimed to present perceived issues and challenges in financing schizophrenia and colorectal cancer in the Philippine context, as identified by stakeholders.
METHODS: Verbatim transcription of the proceedings of a moderated discussion of stakeholders in schizophrenia and colorectal cancer care was analyzed for themes on challenges and recommendations in the financing of the two conditions in the local setting.
RESULTS: A total of 28 stakeholders representing healthcare providers, professional organizations, health maintenance organizations, patient support groups, and government participated in the meeting. Three main issues on financing debilitating conditions were identified by participants: a) government support for the two conditions is currently limited; b) coverage by third-party payors for schizophrenia or colorectal cancer is either absent or restricted; and c) the process of accessing medicines or alternative modes of financing for healthcare was perceived to be disparate and inconvenient for patients and their caregivers. Participants also provided recommendations in improving the mechanism of healthcare financing.
CONCLUSION: The general picture that emerged from this moderated discussion pointed to limitations in the prevailing mechanisms for financing schizophrenia and colorectal cancer in the Philippines. Improvements in the current financing mechanisms, and identification of alternative modes, is necessary to ensure universal health coverage.

Human ; Healthcare Financing ; Health Maintenance Organizations ; Caregivers ; Universal Coverage ; Delivery Of Health Care ; Insurance, Health, Reimbursement ; Government ; Self-help Groups ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Schizophrenia

Owing to low contributions and a limited benefits design, the Korean National Health Insurance (NHI) took only 12 years from its establishment to achieve universal population coverage. However, the NHI has been facing critical challenges like high out-of-pocket payment rates and catastrophic health expenditures because of low contributions and a limited benefits design. In response to these challenges, in 2013, as a major move towards universal coverage, the Korean government declared a plan to radically enhance the benefit coverage for four major conditions, including cancers, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and rare diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the benefit enhancement plan for these four major conditions and identify key success factors. Four major strategies were adopted to enhance benefit coverage: 1) covering almost all previously non-covered medical services either as essential or discretionary benefits, except for definite non-essential services such as cosmetic surgery; 2) improving conditions for benefit coverage corresponding to current scientific knowledge; 3) reducing high out-of-pocket payments considering income level; 4) reducing the financial burden from three major non-covered services including physician surcharges, private room charges, and private charges for custodial care. Despite impaired equity in financial protection across conditions, the plan is expected to reduce out-of-pocket payments by 10% in four major conditions. The actual impact of the plan should be evaluated after implementation. For the successful implementation of the plan, we need to strengthen the NHI's strategic purchasing by establishing a new benefit management system, improving claims review processes, and providing financial incentives rewarding quality and efficiency of care.
Custodial Care ; Health Expenditures ; Insurance Claim Review ; Korea ; Motivation ; National Health Programs* ; Patients' Rooms ; Program Evaluation ; Rare Diseases ; Reward ; Surgery, Plastic ; Universal Coverage*

AIMThe objective of this discussion paper is to investigate whether the experience gained through the German paradigm shift in dental care can be of benefit in China's deliberations on the introduction of universal dental care for its people. METHODOLOGY A comparison of representative oral health outcome data from China and Germany, two countries at different stages in their development, is presented here in order to analyse whether the findings meet expected outcome and confirm the presumption that more developed countries perform better.

RESULTSThe epidemiological comparison reveals surprising findings concerning the severity of dental diseases and, in particular, missing teeth per person in adults and rates of total edentulousness in seniors. In all of these areas German adults and seniors show significantly inferior outcomes compared with the Chinese population. The main reason for these striking discrepancies, as it turned out, is the decisive role played by the treatment philosophies and strategies of German dentists.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSIf dentists take a less interventionist approach, checking as well as treating dental diseases with preventive and strictly tooth-preserving methods, dental treatment results in oral health. Under these conditions it can be assumed that modern dentistry is generally good for the teeth. These findings are important for developing countries that are seeking to integrate dental care into their health care system. On the basis of long-term experience from highly industrialized Western countries and especially from Germany we will attempt to put forward proposals for creating an effective and efficient dental care system in China.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Community Dentistry ; Delivery of Health Care ; organization & administration ; Dental Caries ; epidemiology ; Dental Health Services ; organization & administration ; Dentists ; supply & distribution ; Germany ; epidemiology ; Health Care Reform ; Health Policy ; Health Priorities ; Health Transition ; Humans ; Insurance, Health ; Middle Aged ; Mouth, Edentulous ; epidemiology ; Oral Health ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Periodontal Diseases ; epidemiology ; Philosophy, Dental ; Preventive Dentistry ; Reimbursement Mechanisms ; Tooth Loss ; epidemiology ; Universal Coverage ; organization & administration ; Young Adult