Environmental pollution, manufactured cities related to human activities such as soil contaminated by heavy metals pollution is one of the problems of the world’s major cities. Heavy metals are one of the main sources of pollution and the environment through biogeochemical cycles, and stored for a long time in the body of living organisms, poisoning is able to generate a negativeimpact on human health. Ulaanbaatar, 2010, along the main road in 11 point analysis of 22 soil samples from some of the heavy metal pollution in the soil lead levels were within normal limits,but the high concentration of topsoil is defined. A study conducted in 2011, but the average leadconcentration of 47.3 ppm healthy uncontaminated soil that is 3-4 times larger than defined.Heavy metals in the soil pollution, but pollution levels being conducted quarterly study and their sources of research have been identified. Heavy metal contamination of Ulaanbaatar soil andcalculation of the amount of heavy metals enter the body. Specialized inspection agency of Ulaanbaatar cities laboratory analysis conducted, the data used as descriptive research study design, participated in the study. Metropolitan areas in the 80 point balance divided analyzed by standard analysis of soil samples collected in spring and autumn, MNS5850:2008 was assessed by comparison with the standard.The average amount of lead in the soil of Ulaanbaatar 18.09 mg/kg (95%CI 13.7-22.4mg/kg), and cadmium concentration of 1.02 mg/kg (95%CI 0.7-1.3mg/kg), the mercury concentration of0.03 mg/kg (95%CI 0.006-0.05 mg/kg) that “The quality of the soil, and soil pollutants, maximum permissible elements” MNS5850:2008 standards, compared to less than the maximum allowed. Lead in the soil through the ingestion 11.75x10-3 mg/kg/day (95%CI 8.9-14.55x10-3 mg/kg/day) and cadmium 0.66x10-3 mg/kg/day (95%CI 0.45-0.84x10-3 mg/kg/day) of mercury 0.02x10-3 mg/kg/day (95%CI 0.0-0.03x10-3 mg/kg/day), and inhalation of lead 1.06x10-6 mg/m3 (95%CI 0.80-1.32x10-6 mg/m3) and cadmium 0.06x10-6 mg/m3 (95%CI 0.00-0.08x10-6 mg/m3), dermal adsorption lead 2.62x10-6 mg/kg/day (95%CI 1.98-3.24x10-6 mg/kg/day) and cadmium 0.15x10-6 mg/kg/day (95%CI 0.10-0.19x10-6 mg/kg/day) be digestible. Ulaanbaatar soil containing lead, cadmium, mercury, “The quality of the soil, and soil pollutants, maximum permissible elements” MNS5850:2008 compared to less than the maximum permitted levels. Three entry through access to the body of heavy metals in the soil to estimate the amount of mercury and cadmium lead digestive, respiratory and skin is a little more access.

INTRODUCTION:According to the report from 2010, Mongolian water consumption was 550 million cubic meter andapproximately 9.1% of the total Mongolian population obtain their water from inadequate hygiene waterresources - springs and rivers. Due to non-hygiene water usage has caused water-born communicableand non communicable diseases among the population. In the last years there has been issue of pollutionof one of the Mongolia’s more representative river Selenge and its following rivers -Kharaa, Orkhon andit is necessary to evaluate water pollution of these rivers.GOAL:To determine water chemical and biological pollution of Kharaa and Orkhon river and to evaluate waterqualityMaterials and MethodsWe collected water, sediments and macro invertebrates sample from three points of river -upstream,midstream, downstream and for Kharaa river the samples were collected from Tunkhel, Mandal andBayangol soum, fo Orkhon river the sequence was Orkhontuul, Orkhon, Khushaat soum. Samples werecollected June, August, October of 2011, 2013.In water sample, we determined physic-chemical 15 parameters including temperature, pH, total dissolvedsolids, conductivity, smell, color, hardness, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, dissolved oxygen,biological oxygen demand and mercury using their standard methods. Macro invertebrate samples werecollected to evaluate water quality and we determined mercury in sediments and macroinvertebratesamples to evaluate mercury contamination.RESULT:Physic-chemical results of the water showed that water of Kharaa, Orkhon rivers were classified lowmineralized, soft water and nutrient pollution indicators for ‘slightly polluted’category. For dissolved andbiochemical oxygen, they were belong to the category of ‘pure water’.There were no correlation between 2012 and 2013 results and mercury in water, sediments and macroinvertebrates were qualified standard value.CONCLUSION:According to research results water quality of Kharaa, Orkhon river was good and have less pollution andit is possible to use in household consumption after proper cleaning and disinfection.

IntroductionKlebsiella spp is a well-known opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial infections such asurinary tract, septicaemia and pneumonia number of multi-drug resistant strains and infections causedby Klebsiella has progressively increased, causing treatment limitations.GoalIdentify of phenotype of Klebseilla isolates from ñlinical samplesMaterials and MethodsA total of 112 Klebsiella strains were isolated from clinical samples in State Central First Hospital and StateCentral Third Hospital from July 2015 through December 2015. The bacterial isolates were identifi edaccording to cultural characteristics, biochemical test and API20E. The serum resistance, capsule andhypermucoviscosity, cell surface protein (curly), a-hemolysin and ability to form biofi lm were sought byphenotypic assays. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by diffusion method.ResultA total of 112 Klebsiella samples were collected. The bacterial isolates were identifi ed according tocultural characteristics, biochemical test and API20E, the results revealed that 16.1 percent isolateswere identifi ed as K.oxytoca all of them 83.9 percent isolates were belong to K.pneumonia. Therewere observed for ampicillin (99 percent), nitrofurantoin (53.6 percent), cepalotin (50.6 percent) and51 percent of isolates were considered as a multiple drug resistant. Serum resistance properties ofK.pneumoniae was resistance 89.4 percent, intermediately susceptible 4.3 percent, sensitive 6.4percent and for K.oxytoca resistance 88.9 percent, intermediately susceptible 5.6 percent, sensitive 5.6percent. The hemolysin àalpha was detected in 32.2 percent, and gamma, beta in 66.96 percent, 0.9percent respectively. The capsule was observed in 46.5 percent and hypermucoviscosity in 27.7 percentof isolates. The cell surface protein (curly) and biofi lm were detected in 100 percent.Conclusion:Both K.pneumoniae and K.oxytoca isolates from clinical samples have similar virulent properties, andthe a-hemolysin and hypermucoviscosity positive isolates were more resistance to antibiotics.

IntroductionRheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that still remains a disease of unknown etiology and complex disease without a single treatment that is dominated by serious and debilitating sequalae resulting from synovial membrane, cartilage and progressive joint destruction involvement. There is a one major obstacle in elucidating the early events in the pathogenesis of RA has been the lack of definition of the initial features of the disease. To overcome these difficulties, various animal models have been developed. But Collagen Induced Arthritis (CIA) mouse model is known to be the most valuable animal model to explore the pathogenic process, molecular and cellular mechanisms of joint destruction, to discover the immune system respond and activation and to develop new effective treatment methods and useful drugs [1].Materials and Methods:Within this study we have used 40 male mice at age 6-8 weeksfor 0-60 days and divided into following 4 groups which are:I group–CIA induced mouse group treated with Derveger Jirgeruu (Saposhnicovia divaricata) (n=12) II group–CIA induced mouse group treated with Natriisalicylas (10%) (n=12) III group–Healthy control mouse group (n=8) IV group–CIA inducedcontrol mouse group (n=8). To induce CIA model, we have used standard method of Murali /2005/’s design. Standard drug Natriisalicylas (10mg/ 20gr), one of the often used drug anti-inflammatory and Mongolian herbal plant Derveger jirgeruu (Saposhnicovia divaricate) (0.26mg/20gr) were daily administered by orally, starting on day 21 until day 60.To evaluate and compare 2 drug’s anti-inflammatory effect, we have done clinical score evaluation (Kim W.U, 2002), laboratory testing and histological examination of the joints using standard methods.ResultTo summarize the research result, both medications have proven to be as a medication which has anti-inflammatory effect that decreased the signs and symptoms of RA by it is histological and laboratory analysis.Conclusions:1. CIA model was effectively induced, which have proven by clinical signs, laboratory result and histological examination.2. Within this study it has proven that traditional herbal medicine Derveger Jirgeruu (Saposhnicovia divaricate) (0.26mg/20g) have anti-inflammatory effect on CIA induced mouse model of Rheumatoid Arthritis, which have had similar effect asstandard non-steroid medicine Natriisalicylas (10mg/20g).

BACKGROUND: There are two general types of age-related macular degeneration: dry and wet. During wet or neovascular age-related macular degeneration new abnormal vessels grow and leak in the macula. As anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) was invented, it revolutionized the treatment of nAMD by inhibiting the progress of this disease. The incidence of AMD increases as life expectancy grows and there is a growing need to study this disease. We aimed to evaluate the outcome of anti-VEGF therapy for the treatment of nAMD and the incidence of ocular serious adverse events (SAE) after injections.. METHODS: In our retrospective, single-center study, medical records of patients receiving a single dose of anti-VEGF treatment (Bevacizumab) for nAMD between 17th of April, 2016 and October, 2017 were evaluated. Outcome measures were the change in the baseline visual acuity (VA) score at post-injective month one, incidence of ocular SAE and patients’ baseline characteristics affecting VA. Patients, whose treatment were started before April 2016 and had anti-VEGF treatment for the diseases other than nAMD, were excluded.. RESULTS: 15 eyes in 15 patients between 52 and 85 years of age received single dose of anti-VEGF (Bevacizumab/Avastin) injection. The mean baseline VA improved from pre-injective average of 0.21 to post-injective 1-month average of 0.37 by Snellen. Furthermore, there was no vision loss or other severe adverse effects, such as endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, traumatic cataract after 4 weeks. CONCLUSION: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy has promising short-term outcomes on treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Introduction: Base excision repair (BER) is mainly responsible for the correction of small base changes of DNA damage. BER pathway involved many enzymes including OGG1 and XRCC1. The defective DNA repair is associated with an increased risk of various cancers including hematologic malignancies-leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). However, it is deniably these polymorphisms alter the susceptibility and clinical outcome of MDS patients. The aim: This study was to evaluate the impact of polymorphisms in gene encoding one protein of BER system: XRCC1 Arg399Gln in MDS and healthy population. Methods: In this study, we recruited 60 health control group [median 47.9 years, 9 MDS subjects [median 56.6 years] were included in this study. Genotyping was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Allele and genotype frequencies were calculated by direct counting. Result: The frequencies of genotypes of XRCC1 Arg399Gln were as follows: Arg /Arg 1 (11%), Arg/Gln 6 (66%), Gln/Gln 2 (22%) in MDS and Arg /Arg 18.4%, Arg/Gln40%, Gln/Gln41.6% in health control for XRCC1 Arg399Gln. The result revealed that genotypes Arg399Gln increased the risk of MDS In conclusion this study is the first to analyze XRCC1 SNPs and their associated risk of MDS in Mongolian samples. To fully understand the role of DNA damage and DNA repair in the MDS, prospective studies are needed and other genes (OGG1 Ser326Cys, MUTYH Gln324His, APE Asp148Glu) of base excision repair pathway should be analyzed.

Background: Infectious keratitis is a disease caused by inflammation, infection, and other ocular damage to the outer and other deep layers of corneal epithelium. It is a major cause of monocular blindness and visual disability worldwide regardless of age and gender. Therefore, we aimed to determine the clinical features and risk factors of infectious keratitis among Mongolians and to identify the causative microorganism and compared them with the treatment results. Methods: We collected the data of 149 patients who diagnosed as infectious keratitis at the Ophthalmology Department of the First State Central Hospital in 2017-2020 and using a case series model of descriptive study. Statistical analysis was calculated using Stata14 software. Results: The majority of patients in our study were male, with a male-to-female ratio is 2.1:1. The cause of infectious keratitis were categorized and eye injury-induced keratitis accounted for the highest percentage of 38.3% (n=57), with the majority being men 73.7% (n=42) (p=0.028). As for the type of treatment, antibacterial drugs 103 (69.1%) and evisceration 27(45%) predominate. Conclusion Our study shows that the majority of infectious keratitis in Mongolia is due to trauma in male patients. Forty-five percent of all surgeries involve evisceration surgery, which reduces the client's quality of life.

Background: Meniere's disease is a condition caused by disturbances in the auditory and vestibular systems. It is characterized by symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and tinnitus. In the United States, the prevalence of Meniere's disease has been found to be 84 cases per 100,000 women and 56 cases per 100,000 men. Regionally, it is more common in less populated areas, and research has confirmed that the prevalence increases with higher household income. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of traditional medicine treatments and therapies for Meniere's disease. Results: The patient is a 43-year-old male, with symptoms of dizziness, vomiting, and tinnitus. Since 2023, he has sought care at the Central Hospital of Mongolian Medicine, where he received traditional medicine treatments including herbal therapy and other traditional therapies on three occasions. As a result, the frequency of dizziness has decreased and other clinical symptoms have improved. Conclusion Traditional medicine treatments have been shown to be effective in managing Meniere's disease by extending the interval between relapses, improving quality of life, and significantly reducing clinical symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Pterygium is a fibrovascular wing shaped encroachment of conjunctiva onto the cornea. Although the pathogenesis remains obscure, the ultraviolet radiations (UVR), especially UVR-A and UVR-B (290-400 nm), are considered the most dangerous in developing pterygium among other environmental factors (hot, dry, windy, dusty and smoky environments and hereditary factors. The main histopathological change in primary pterygium is elastotic degeneration of conjunctival collagen. Patient complaints include foreign body feeling and visual loss due to corneal astigmatism or growth over the pupil and cosmetic problems. Anti-inflammatory drugs and lubricants have an important role minimizing the patient’s discomfort, but they do not cure the disease. After surgical removal there are still many recurrences regardless of the method used. Autologous conjunctival grafting seems to be the best method, given both the low recurrence rate and high safety. As described first by Kenyon et al. in 1985, a conjunctival autograft reported a recurrence rate of 5.3% with infrequent and relatively minor complications. The primary disadvantage of this technique is the prolonged operative time required when compared to the bare sclera technique. These disadvantages are outweighed by the lack of sight-threatening complications and the relatively low recurrence rate, which made this procedure gain popularity in many centers. The application of intraoperative 0.02% mitomycin C for the 5 minutes is efficient in reducing the recurrence rate to a minimum. METHODS: This retrospective case series, single center study was conducted on 239 patients, who underwent pterygium excision from Jan 2017 to Dec 2017 at the Department of Ophthalmology of the First Central Hospital. All patients had a detailed ophthalmic examination before the surgical intervention. Data were collected through a prepared questionnaire. Postoperative follow-up examination sheets were evaluated. Data for recurrence rate of pterygium excision were collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 17.. RESULTS: Among the 239 patients, who underwent an operation, 37.2% (n=89) were male and 62.8% (n=150) were female. Participants’ age ranged from 29 -70 years with mean age of 49.5 years old. There is no statistical significance between the stages of the disease and its post-operative outcome in the patients, who underwent pterygium excision surgery in 2017. Postoperative pterygium recurrence was in 9 patients (3.8%); 5 (55.5%) out of all 9 patients with recurred pterygium had underwent pterygium excision without conjunctival autograft. MMC was not used intraoperatively for all 9 (3.8%) patients with recurrence post pterygium excision. CONCLUSION: The relationship between pterygium stage and its post-operative recurrence was not statistically significant (P=0.683). The recurrence rate after pterygium excision with conjunctival autograft was low (P≤0.001) which showed significant statistically. There was no recurrence after pterygium excision with MMC (P≤0.001). The results of studies from Canada, Hong-Kong, India, Philippines and Iran were similar to our outcome.