The postoperative complications of frontalis sling for severe blepharoptosis with poor levator function have included undercorrection, overcorrection, exposure keratitis due to lagophthalmos, lid lag. upper lid asymmetry etc, External levator resection with aponeurotic approach was performed for 77 blepharoptosis patients (106 eyelids) with poor levator function from October 1987 through April 1996 at the Department of Ophthalmology, Yeungnam University, College of Medicine. Unilateral blepharoptosis were 44 eyelids and bilateral cases included 62 eyelids. Levator function was measured 4nim in 23 eyelids, Slum in 22 eyelids and 0-2iBin in 61 eyelids, After the follow up periods of 12-108 months (mean 36.3 months) , satisfactory resuite have been achieved in 44 eyelids (100%) of unilateral ptosis and in 30 eyelids (90.9%) of bilateral ptosis. All eyelids with 4mm levator function was successful, 22 eyelids (86.4%) with 3mm levator function were satisfactory and 61 eyelids (95. 1%) with 0-2mm levator function revealed satisfactory result. Postoperative complications included entropion (4 cases) , undercorection (2 cases) , corneal opacity (I case) and corneal ulcer (1 case). Based on this study, external levator resection could were one of the ideal techniques for severe ptosis with poor to absent. levator function.
Blepharoptosis* ; Corneal Opacity ; Corneal Ulcer ; Entropion ; Eyelids ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Keratitis ; Ophthalmology ; Postoperative Complications ; Poverty Areas

No abstract available.

Background: Exposure to electronic media is increasing from early childhood. This study aimed to examine the association between screen time and behavioral outcomes in schoolaged children with a prospective birth-cohort. Methods: We examined the association between screen time and behavioral outcomes in school-aged children with a Korean birth-cohort study. Participants were 2,150 children, recruited during their fetal period, assessed annually for developmental outcomes. Media exposure was assessed at T4 (3.2 y/o), T8 (7.3 y/o), and T10 (9.4 y/o). After exclusions for missing data, 1,368 children were categorized into four groups (Low-Low, Low-High, HighLow, and High-High) based on average daily media time in early childhood and during schooldays, respectively. Children's temperament was assessed from T1 (0.5 y/o) to T4.Emotional and behavioral outcomes were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (DSMoriented subscales) at T8 and T10. Results: We found that early-years temperament was generally similar between the mediatime groups: they only differed significantly on Activity at T1 and Emotionality at T2 (1.2 y/o).However, compared to the Low-Low group, the Low-High group had significantly higher odds of high-risk scores for Conduct Problems (increased odds ratios [ORs] of 1.82 at T8 and 1.83 at T10) and Anxiety Problems (increased ORs of 1.60 at T8 and 1.82 at T10). Self-rated self-esteem and overall happiness at T10 also significantly differed among the four groups. Conclusion Our findings suggest the negative impacts of media exposure on the emotional and behavioral development of school-aged children, which substantiates the guidelines that restrict media exposure during childhood.

This article describes common comorbid condtion of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and recommends treatment guidelines of pharmacotherapy for patients with ASD. More than 95% of people with ASD have at least one additional disorder and guidelines how to evaluate and treat comorbid conditions in patients with ASD and 7 recommendations for treatment with medication for ASD.

Psychiatry is heavily influenced by culture with varying degrees of tolerance and stigma regarding mental illness. It is important to understand child and adolescent psychiatric patients in terms of cultural competence. Cultural competency is more important for psychiatrists since diagnoses are made and many treatments are delivered strictly based on verbal communication in mental healthcare. Culture provides the analytic frame to understanding patients’ expressions, behaviors, and symptoms based on language, norms, and values of community and family for psychiatric diagnoses. Difficulties in evaluating, diagnosing, and treating patients are escalated when psychiatrists have different cultural backgrounds. Korea faces a rapidly changing demographic and cultural landscape, with its population becoming increasingly multiracial and multicultural.Psychiatrists tend to have trouble stemming from children’s limited language and cognitive abilities for understanding other’s views and limited language fluency among multicultural families. Even with a family has the same cultural background, the increasing generational gap between children and their parents makes it difficult for parents to understand their children’s subcultures. The DSM-5 includes the ‘cultural formulation interview (CFI)’ for psychiatrists to better understand, diagnose, and treat psychiatric patients and families with diverse backgrounds. The author detail how to interview child and adolescent psychiatric patients as well as their families with cultural competency. Psychiatrists can be more culturally competent after practicing how to adapt the semi-structured CFI in a clinical setting in the Korean language.Moreover, it is time to introduce more culturally competent training for medical students and psychiatric trainees.

BACKGROUND: Studying immigrants may have the potential to explore how cultural and environmental changes affect the internet game play patterns of individuals in the two countries. We planned to compare risk and preventive factors for Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) between Korean adolescents in Korea and immigrant Koreans in the US. METHODS: Ninety-four Koreans and 133 immigrant Koreans were recruited. Independent factors consisted of five domains including demographic data, physical activity, academic, art, and music activities, psychological factors, and game and media play. The dependent variable in the current study was the high-risk group of IGD, which was assessed with Young’s Internet Addiction Scale scores. To determine the protective and risk factors for IGD, we performed a multiple logistic regression analysis using the high-risk group as the dependent variable. RESULTS: Five domains affected the risk for IGD in Korean and immigrant Korean groups. Vigorous physical activity was the strongest protective factor for IGD in the Korean group, while media activity was the strongest protective factor for IGD in immigrant Koreans in the US. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that internet gaming problems might be affected by environmental factors and it is recommended that gaming activity is substituted with physical activity, extracurricular classes, books, and music.
Adolescent ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin D ; Internet ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Motor Activity ; Music ; Protective Factors ; Psychology ; Risk Factors ; United States

OBJECTIVE: The Adolescent Dissociative Experience Scale (A-DES) is a screening measure for dissociative experience in adolescents. The present study aimed to investigate the reliability, validity and psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Adolescent Dissociative Experience Scale. METHODS: The Korean version of the A-DES was administered to a normative group of 371 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years and a traumatized group of 33 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years with known trauma. RESULTS: The internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's alpha=0.91) and the test-retest correlation of the A-DES was high (r=0.99). Correlation between the A-DES and other measures of dissociation was moderate (r=0.48). There were no significant age differences in mean total A-DES scores for the normative sample, or for boys or girls separately. Nor were there any significant gender differences for any age group. The mean total score of the A-DES was significantly higher in the traumatized group than in the normative group. There was a statistically significant difference between adolescents with self-reported trauma and those without a trauma history in the normative group. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the Korean version of the A-DES is a reliable measure with excellent internal consistency and good stability over a 4-week test-retest interval with single factor structure. It can be used to screen for dissociative symptoms in Korean adolescents between the ages 12 and 18.
Adolescent ; Aged ; Dissociative Disorders ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Psychometrics

The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC) including reliability and validity. The TSCYC is an instrument to identify trauma symptoms in children from age 3 to 12 yr by their caretakers. The Korean version of the TSCYC was administered to the caretakers of a normative group of 299 children (137 boys and 162 girls) aged 3 to 12 yr and a traumatized group of 73 sexually abused children (22 boys and 51 girls) aged 3 to 12 yr and their caretakers rated the TSCYC and the Child Behavior Checklist and the Child Sexual Behavior Inventory. Among normative group, 88 performed a re-test after 4 weeks. The internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha of total scale of the TSCYC was 0.92 (normative group) and 0.96 (traumatized group). For the nine clinical scales in the TSCYC, it ranged between 0.46-0.92 and 0.77-0.96, respectively. Test-retest correlation of the TSCYC was good (Pearson r score ranging 0.52-0.96). Correlations between the TSCYC and other measures of corresponding constructs were satisfactory. Regarding discriminant validity, the mean total score of the TSCYC was significantly higher in the traumatized children than in the normative group. This study demonstrated that Korean version of the TSCYC is a reliable measure with excellent internal consistency and good stability over 4-week test-retest interval. It can be recommended for clinicians to screen for trauma symptoms after child sexual abuse in Korean young children between the ages 3 and 12.
Checklist/*methods ; Child ; Child Abuse, Sexual/*classification ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Reproducibility of Results ; Republic of Korea ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/classification/*diagnosis ; *Surveys and Questionnaires ; Symptom Assessment/*methods ; *Trauma Severity Indices