A 6-year-old girl visited us with a 4-week history of inflammatory, pustular, tender patches and plaques on the scalp, and a 3-day history of multiple, erythematous, indurated, tender, subcutaneous nodules on both pretibial areas. A swab was taken from the scalp lesion and colonies of Tiichophyton mentagrophytes grew on culture. The histopathological findings of the leg nodule were consistent with erythema nodosum. The patient was treated with oral itraconazole and deflazacort, combined with topical potassium permanganate solution. Erythema nodosum regressed two weeks later and the kerion of the scalp regressed six weeks after starting the treatment, leaving residual scarring alopecia. The patient was diagnosed as erythema nodosum probably induced by kerion celsi, that has not been reported in the Korean literature.
Alopecia ; Child ; Cicatrix ; Erythema Nodosum* ; Erythema* ; Female ; Humans ; Itraconazole ; Leg ; Potassium Permanganate ; Scalp ; Tinea Capitis*

Actinomycosis is an oppoturnistic infection of actinomyces, which are relatively avirulent endogenous oral commensals. After trauma or infection, they breach the normally protective mucosal barriers to invade adjacent soft tissue structures. Lesions routinely contain other bacteria, the normal resident flora at the site of primary infection, which act synergistically with actinomyces species to provoke this unique infection, which range from an acute suppurative process to a chronic fibrotic process. According to epidemic studies about pelvic actinomycosis, it should be significantly related to IUD(intrauterine device). It is accounted that IUD cause chronic intrauterine infection, tissue injury and act as nucleus for parasitic infestation. Here we present a case of pelvic actinomycosis related to IUD with brief review of the concerned literature.
Actinomyces ; Actinomycosis* ; Bacteria

PURPOSE: To compare the intraocular pressure (IOP) measured by the pressure phosphene tonometer (PPT) and the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) according to the feedback of the IOP measured by GAT and the use of the dominant hand during the measurement. METHODS: In a group of 40 eyes of 40 normal subjects in their twenties and thirties without diagnostic specificity, IOP was measured with PPT three times by themselves and with the GAT by one examiner on 3 different days. In 20 eyes of the feedback group, the subjects were informed of their IOP measured by GAT and were allowed to measure with PPT again. In each group, half of the eyes (20 eyes) were assigned to use the dominant hand to measure the IOP (dominant group) and the other half (20 eyes) were assigned in the other way (nondominant group). RESULTS: In feedback, nonfeedback and dominant groups, comparison of the first day showed statistically significant differences of mean IOP. But on the third day, there were no significant differences among all 4 groups and there were significant correlations. There was a stronger correlation between the two methods in the feedback group (r=0.721) than in the nonfeedback group. The correlation coefficient of all 40 eyes was 0.605 (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PPT has a strong correlation with GAT in the range of normal IOP and is thought to be more useful as a self tonometer for the measurement of both eyes with the periodical measurement of IOP by GAT in clinics.
Hand ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Phosphenes* ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUND: Recently, the molecular pathologic investigation for clonality in lymphomas has been introduced and has gained a role in the diagnosis of lymphomas. In fact, the clonality test using TCRGR phenomenon has been done by Southern blot analysis (SBA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for molecular pathologic diagnosis of T cell lymphomas. However, it is difficult to perform SBA with paraffin embedded specimens or with samples of small skin biopsies. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the efficacy of PCR amplification of TCR gene in paraffin em-bedded cutaneous T cell lymphomas. METHODS: Iii this study, the clonality was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of T cell receptor gamma (TCR) gene from the DNA extracts obtained from paraffin em-bedded tissues (PET) of malignant T cells, B cell lymphomas, and benign cutaneous T cell proliferative disorders. Heteroduple-x-analyses were also performed to rule out the false positives. RESULTS: Among the total of 62 cases analyzed, monoclonality was observed in 4 out of 10 mycosis fungoides, 7 out of 9 cutaneous T cell lymphomas excluding mycosis fungoides, 1 out of 3 angiocentric lymphomas, 2 out of 2 lymphomatosis papulosis, 1 out of 7 large plaque parapsoriasis, and 1 out of 2 T cell lymphomas in other organs. No monoclonality was observed in 9 inflammatory cutaneous diseases, 5 small plaque parapsoriasis, 4 cutaneous B cell lymphomas, and 11 B cell lymphomas in lymph nodes. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the PCR method and heteroduplex analysis used in this study were not only practical but also efficacious for the diagnosis of cutaneous T cell lymphomas using tissues embedded in paraffins.
Biopsy ; Blotting, Southern ; Diagnosis ; DNA ; Gene Rearrangement* ; Genes, T-Cell Receptor ; Heteroduplex Analysis* ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; Lymphoma, T-Cell ; Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous ; Mycosis Fungoides ; Paraffin ; Parapsoriasis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell* ; Skin ; T-Lymphocytes

PURPOSE: To analyze the clinical features and natural history of acquired third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsy. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 89 patients who were diagnosed with acquired third, fourth, and sixth nerve palsy from January 2003 to March 2005. The natural course of the disease and the factors affecting recovery were analyzed for the 66 patients who had their first ocular examination within 3 months from onset and were followed up for at least 6 months. RESULTS: The average age of onset was 50.1 years. The sixth cranial nerve was affected most frequently (n=43, 48.3%). Vascular disease (n=27, 30.3%) was most common etiology of cranial nerve palsy, followed by an undetermined cause (n=19, 21.3%). Of the 66 patients who had their first ocular examination within 3 months from onset and were followed up for at least 6 months, 40 (60.6%) patients showed a decrease in the angle of deviation by more than 10 prism diopters, and of these, 32 (48.5%) patients made a complete recovery from pareses. The recovery rates for patients with vascular disease or undetermined etiology (p=0.001), milder initial eyeball deviation and ocular motor restriction (p<0.001) were higher. CONCLUSIONS: In the natural course of the disease, the recovery rate of acquired third, fourth, and sixth nerve palsy was 60.6%. The most favorable prognosis occurred with vascular disease, undetermined etiology, and less severe paralysis on onset.
Abducens Nerve Diseases* ; Abducens Nerve* ; Age of Onset ; Cranial Nerve Diseases ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Natural History* ; Paralysis ; Paresis ; Prognosis ; Vascular Diseases

BACKGROUND: Aspiration of gastric contents into the lungs is one of the most feared complications during anesthesia. Various factors combine to make pediatric patients more susceptible to regurgitation and aspiration than adults. We compared the risk of incidence of acid aspiration in two groups, after examining the pH, and volume of gastric contents in pediatric and adult patients. METHODS: This study was carried out with inpatients scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia. Sixty patients from 1 to 13 years old were included in the pediatric age group, and sixty patients from 18 to 60 years old were included in the adult age group. After induction of anesthesia and stabilization of the condition of the patient, gastric contents were collected via a 10 - 18 French Salem Sump tube. Gastric volume and pH were measured. RESULTS: The mean gastric volume in the pediatric group was significantly higher than those in the adult group, whereas, The mean gastric pH in the adult group was significantly higher than those in the pediatric group. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that pediatric patients have a lower gastric pH but a higher gastric volume than adult patients.
Adolescent ; Adult* ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Child* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Incidence ; Inpatients ; Lung ; Middle Aged

PURPOSE: To analyze the results of posterior capsule rupture (PCR) that occurred in the first 1000 cases performed by a newly trained phacoemulsification surgeon. METHODS: The medical records of 47 eyes of 45 patients who suffered PCR among the first 1000 cases of cataract surgery performed by one newly trained surgeon were reviewed. All surgeries started with the plan of phacoemulsification and there was no supervision by any experienced surgeon. RESULTS: Over the course of the series of 1000 cases, the PCR incidence rate steadily fell from 12% in the first 100 cases to 4.7% (47 cases) for all 1000 cases as the operator gained experience with the techniques. However, after the change of phaco machine and the technique of nucleus removal, the incidence increased abruptly to 11% and then decreased again. There was no significant difference in PCR incidence between surgeries of the first eye and the second eye of the 335 patients who underwent cataract surgery in both eyes by the surgeon (p=0.534). PCR occurred most commonly in the course of phacoemulsification (83.0%) and mainly in the eyes with severe nucleus sclerosis. CONCLUSIONS: In the early stages of the career of a phacoemulsification surgeon, the PCR incidence showed a learning curve that decreased with increasing experiences, then it increased again after the change of operational procedure before finally decreasing once more. In the surgery of the second eye, poor patient cooperation could be overcome with a careful approach, and PCR occurred most commonly in the course of phacoemulsification (83.0%).
Cataract ; Humans ; Incidence ; Learning Curve ; Medical Records ; Organization and Administration ; Patient Compliance ; Phacoemulsification* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rupture* ; Sclerosis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the postoperative outcomes and complications 7 years after clear lens extraction (CLE) for the correction of high myopia. METHODS: The medical records of 23 eyes of 15 patients who had undergone CLE to correct myopia higher than -12 diopter and who could be followed up for more than 7 years were reviewed. A scleral tunnel incision and continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis were made, followed by phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. Refractive error, visual acuity and postoperative complications were recorded. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 98.2 (84~118) months. Posterior capsular opacification developed in 12 eyes (52.2%) and neodymium: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy was performed in 7 eyes. Retinal detachment developed in 3 eyes of 2 patients at 6 months, 34 months, and 9 years after CLE. At 7 years after CLE, the spherical equivalent (SE) of 14 (60.9%) of 20 eyes was within +/- 2 diopter of targeted refractive error. Shift to myopia occurred by 1 diopter compared to SE at 1 year after CLE. Best corrected visual acuity improved by 2 lines in 14 eyes (60.9%) and was 0.5 or better in 17 eyes (73.9%). CONCLUSIONS: CLE for correction of high myopia had good visual outcomes with acceptable predictability. However, long term follow-up revealed gradual increase of serious complications like retinal detachment, posterior capsular opacification, and myopic shift by 1 diopter between 1 year and 7 years after CLE.
Capsulorhexis ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Humans ; Lasers, Solid-State ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular ; Medical Records ; Myopia* ; Neodymium ; Phacoemulsification ; Posterior Capsulotomy ; Postoperative Complications ; Refractive Errors ; Retinal Detachment ; Visual Acuity