Despite the widespread clinical use of cryotherapy, there is only limited and inconsistent data on application times. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in tissue temperature and the duration of this effect. In this experimental study, five adult dogs were used. A cold gel pack (10 x 20 cm) was applied transversally over the right leg femoral region. Temperatures were recorded simultaneously: rectal by a mercury thermometer; right leg skin by probe of Nihon Kohden 6000 polygraph; and right leg subcutaneous, intramuscular, and periosteal, and left leg intramuscular temperatures by a fluorooptic biomedical fiber optic (0.6 mm diameter) thermometer connected to a computer system. Total system accuracy was 0.01 degreesC Cold gel packs were applied for 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes duration. The results can be summarized as cooling and rewarming data. 1) The superficial tissues such as skin and subcutaneous demonstrated the most rapid and profound cooling effect. The deeper tissues such as bone and muscle exhibited a smaller and more gradual decline in temperature. 2) There was a prolonged rewarming period in all tissues after the removal of the cold gel pack but this period was longer in deeper tissues. According to cold gel pack application time, the rewarming time in intramuscular layers to baseline or plateau temperatures was about: 60 +/-3 minutes for 10 minutes application, 100 +/-4 for 15, 130 +/-5 for 20, 140 +/-7 for 25, and 145 +/-8 for 30. It can be concluded from these results that with increased cold gel pack application time, deep tissue temperature decreased and the duration of cooling effect increased. However, the data indicated that the length of application time and the duration of cooling effect were not linearly related. Especially after 20 minutes of application this ratio decreased progressively. There may be implications of these results for clinical practice.
Anesthesia ; Animals ; *Body Temperature ; Cryotherapy/*methods ; Dogs ; Hindlimb ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Periosteum ; Rectum ; Skin Temperature ; Time Factors

The aim of our study was to evaluate the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract side effect profile in 759 female patients that had taken alendronate (10 mg/day), for at least 6 months, for the treatment of osteoporosis, in relation to the safety of alendronate and the compliance of patients to its absorption rules. This study was a multicentered retrospective, clinical, non- placebo controlled, study of 759 female subjects carried out at 26 centres in 6 different regions of Turkey. The mean age of our patients was 62.6+/-8.6, with 51.2%in the age range 60 to 69 years. 158 patients (20.8%) were considered to have upper GI tract complaints with nausea as the most often encountered symptom. Of the subjects with upper GI tract complaints, 20% reported discontinued drug use, and 30% reported the requirement of an additional drug in order to abolish their complaints. Approximately 537 (71%) of the patients stated they had been given written information about the administration of the drug, and at least 93 patients (12%) and 73 patients (18.4%) acknowledged non compliance with the safety and absorption rules, respectively. In our study, no significant difference was found between the adherence to the safety measures and upper GI tract complaints (p > 0.05), but that upper GI tract complaints were higher in patients taking additional medication to alendronate (p < 0.05).
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alendronate/*adverse effects ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/*chemically induced ; Human ; Middle Aged ; Osteoporosis/*drug therapy ; Retrospective Studies