The authors studied the strabiEmus of 50 cases in children under six years of age. A total of 50 cases were screened in out patient department from April 1972 to July 1973. The results are as followings: Among them, 28 cases of exotropia, 18 cases of exotropia and 4 cases of hypertropia were observed. Generally, there were more female than male. According to the refractive status, there were more hypertropia among esotropia and more myopia among exotropia. There were only 3 cases those visual acuity were below 0.1 and the remainder were above 0.1. According to the age, there were 11 cases under the 2 yrs of age, 15 cases in the age 3 yrs to 4 yrs and 20 cases over 6 yrs. The onset of 36 cases were so incidious that were unknown and those of 8 cases were gradual. The strabismus were markedly detected under the 1 year of age (26 cases) and 31 cases were alternating type and 15 cases were monocular. And it \vas interesting fact that 19 cases were first child.
Child* ; Esotropia ; Exotropia ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Myopia ; Strabismus* ; Visual Acuity

Acute ophthalmoplegia is caused by various etiologies; cerebrovascular diseases, tumors, infections, diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, and myasthenia gravis. Acute ophthalmoplegia without ataxia(AO), regarded atypical Miller-Fisher syndrome, can be defined as a progressive, relatively symmetric ophthalmoplegia by 4 weeks without ataxia or limb weakness, on circumstance of ruling-out other diseases. The additional features that are strongly supportive of the diagnosis of AO are as follows: 1) a history of infectious symptoms within 4 weeks before the onset of neurological symptoms; 2) cerebrospinal fluid albuminocytologic dissociation; and 3) presence of anti-GQ1b IgG antibody. AO has been sporadically reported, but there is still short of information for its clinical and laboratory characteristics in children. We report three children with AO, who were presented with acute ophthalmoplegia without other abnormal neurologic symptoms. All of the patients met the diagnostic criteria of AO, but only one of them had a positive serum anti-GQ1b antibody. So, we need to suspect the diagnosis of AO, even in the cases with negative result of serum anti-GQ1b antibody.
Ataxia ; Child ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Extremities ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Miller Fisher Syndrome ; Multiple Sclerosis ; Myasthenia Gravis ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Ophthalmoplegia

Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne, non-contagious, zoonotic disease caused by Anaplasma spp., which include Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale, A. phagocytophilum, A. platys, A. ovis, and A. bovis. Recently, in Korea, the prevalence of Anaplasma spp. has been investigated in some animals, such as dogs, horses, goats, cats, and Korean water deer. In cattle, A. marginale is the most virulent species and regarded as the typical type of species. However, data on the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. in cattle in Korea during the last decade is limited. This study was designed to investigate the seroprevalence of bovine anaplasmosis in Korea. From 2010 to 2013, blood samples were collected from 568 cattle. Forty animals (7.0%) tested seropositive for Anaplasma spp. by cELISA. Despite that current bovine anaplasmosis seropositivity rate in the Gyeongsangbuk-do is lower than those in tropical countries, anaplasmosis needs to be regarded as a concerning disease. The identification of the specific Anaplasma species infecting cattle in this province requires additional molecular studies. Moreover, further monitoring and control programs for bovine anaplasmosis is required, and the information from this study will be beneficial to develop these programs.
Anaplasma marginale ; Anaplasma ; Anaplasmosis ; Animals ; Antibodies ; Cats ; Cattle ; Deer ; Dogs ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Goats ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Horses ; Korea ; Prevalence ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Sheep ; Water ; Zoonoses

Variant surface antigens (VSAs) encoded by pir families are considered to be the key proteins used by many Plasmodium spp. to escape the host immune system by antigenic variation. This attribute of VSAs is a critical issue in the development of a novel vaccine. In this regard, a population genetic study of vir genes from Plasmodium vivax was performed in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Eighty-five venous blood samples and 4 of the vir genes, namely vir 27, vir 21, vir 12, and vir 4, were selected for study. The number of segregating sites (S), number of haplotypes (H), haplotype diversity (Hd), DNA diversity (π and Θw), and Tajima’s D test value were conducted. Phylogenetic trees of each gene were constructed. The vir 21 (S=143, H=22, Hd=0.827) was the most genetically diverse gene, and the vir 4 (S=6, H=4, Hd=0.556) was the opposite one. Tajima’s D values for vir 27 (1.08530, P>0.1), vir 12 (2.89007, P<0.01), and vir 21 (0.40782, P>0.1) were positive, and that of vir 4 (−1.32162, P>0.1) was negative. All phylogenetic trees showed 2 clades with no particular branching according to the geographical differences and cluster. This study is the first survey on the vir genes in ROK, providing information on the genetic level. The sample sequences from vir 4 showed a clear difference to the Sal-1 reference gene sequence, whereas they were very similar to those from Indian isolates.
Antigenic Variation ; Antigens, Surface ; DNA ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Immune System ; Plasmodium vivax* ; Plasmodium* ; Republic of Korea* ; Trees ; United Nations