87 children aged 7-15 years old were treated in Dong Thap General Hospital from October 1999 to April 2000 were diagnosed as typhoid fever. Patients underwent routine examinations, blood culture and bone marrow culture, and clinical care. Results showed that: Mab-based dot-blot ELISA technique for diagnosing typhoid fever on pediatric patient urine sample was a rapid technique, easy to collect sample, stable sensitivity and specificity, it could be combined with blood culture for early diagnosis of typhoid fever, especially in patients, which underwent treatment. The assay was easy to realized without complicated equipment, and easy to observe the result.
Diagnosis ; Typhoid Fever ; Child

The typhoid is common disease currently. 316 patients with typhoid diagnosed in Thanh Hoa hospital during 1994-6/1996. The wrong diagnosis of typhoid is frequent. The wide use of the anti-pyretic agents missed some symptoms, even complications. Most of physicians diagnose wrongly with the malaria that not basing on the epidemiology. Therefore, almost of patients wit typhoid in Thanh Hoa provincial hospital were treated by antimalarial drugs. It is difficult to prevent from the disease because it can be not control the salmonella typhi carrying patients after free disease
Typhoid Fever ; Biomedical Research ; diagnosis

Linear discriminant analysis method basing on genetic algorithms was used to find out the role of clinical symptoms for taking differential diagnosis between typhoid fever and scrub typhus. Clinical records of 526 patients suffering from one of those diseases were used as input data for algorithms. The results showed that the differential value of symptoms are as follows: roseola (4 points), infectious constitution (2 points), drum belly (2 points), ingestive disorder (1 points), decrease of white-blood cell count (1 point), congestion (-2 points), enlarge of lymph node (- 2 points), erythematous eruption (-3 points), eschar (-5 points). The diagnostic rule are a follows: total point >=3: typhoid fever, between 0 and 2 points: suggestion of typhoid fever, total point <=-3: scrub typhus, between o and -2 points: suggestion of scrub typhus. To re-test on 50 patients of those 526 patients randomly, the accuracy rate of this rule is at least 98%.
Typhoid Fever ; Scrub Typhus ; diagnosis ; Algorithms

41 children aged 7-15 years with typhoid fever (S.typhi positive blood culture) treated at Dong Thap provincial hospital from October 1999 to April 2000, were evaluated concerning the severity of the condition and the outcome of cytokine response. Results showed that the use of cytokine antibody on dissolved receptors of cytokine could have high value in severe typhoid patients. The systemic elevation of cytokine, especially IL-6 was common in children with typhoid fever and associated with the severity and the progression of the disease, high level of cytokine in hospital admission point was an important prognostic sign.
Cytokines ; Serum ; Typhoid Fever ; Child ; Diagnosis

The sensitivity and specificity of 3 diagnosis kits for typhoid fever – Kit PanBio (American), Kit Typhi Dot (IgM, IgG) (Malaysia) and Kit Tubex (Sweden) were determined on 434patients with fever, examined at Cai Lay District Hospital – Tien Giang province from Oct 2001 to March 2002. The results were compared with Widal test. Results showed a same convenience in all three kits. The Kit Tubex particularly has a high cost but rapid results. The Kits Typhi Dot and Tubex gave high sensitivity and specificity with a reliance enough in rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever. Widal test is less sensitive and difficult to read the result, however it is the most common test in laboratory
Typhoid Fever ; Serologic Tests ; Diseases ; diagnosis

BACKGROUND: Typhoid fever is diagnosed by culture or serological study. The confirmative diagnosis of typhoid fever is made by culture of the causative orga-nism usually from body fluids. Serological test is a supportive diagnostic tool, which is useful for early dia-gnosis. In Severance Hospital, Vi-indirect fluorescent antibody test(Vi-IFAT) using the Vi-antigen of Salmo-nella typhi has been used in the diagnosis of typhoid fever since 1989. We investigated the test results from the past 7 years, in order to clarify the sensitivity and specificity of Vi-IFAT. METHODS: A retrospective study was done on pa-tients whose chief complaint was fever and who were tested using Vi-IFAT in the Severance Hospital from 1989 to 1996. The positive value for Vi-IFAT was de- fined as 1:64 or higher. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of Vi-IFAT for typhoid fever was 94.4% and 95.1%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 85.7% and 98.2% respectively. Positive rates of Vi-IFAT after fever onset increased with time and 68% were positive before the first week. From the first to the second week, 89.5% were positive and after the second week, 100% were positive. CONCLUSION: Vi-IFAT is not only a valuable sero-logic test for the diagnosis of typhoid fever, but also useful in the early diagnosis of the disease.
Body Fluids ; Diagnosis* ; Early Diagnosis ; Fever ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity* ; Serologic Tests ; Typhoid Fever*

BACKGROUND: Due to advances in various diagnostic methods, recent studies reported changes in the pattern of etiology of fever of unknown origin (FUO). To identify the current pattern of the causes of FUO, we analyzed the etiology of recently diagnosed FUO at a university hospital in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 69 cases that fulfilled the criteria of classic FUO and retrospectively analyzed the etiology and decisive methods of diagnosis. RESULTS: The etioloies of FUO were infectious disease, non-infectious inflammatory disease, malignancy and miscellaneous cases in 22 (31.9%), 8 (11.6%), 4 (2.3%) and 21 (30.4%) patients, respectively. In 15 (21.7%) cases the cause could not be identified. Among infectious diseases, tuberculosis and suspected typhoid fever were the most common causes of infection (8 case, 11.7%) with tuberculosis being the most common confirmed infection. Adult onset Still's disease (13 cases, 4.4%) and drug-related fever (13 cases, 18.8%) were the most common cause of non-infectious inflammatory disease and miscellaneous causes, respectively. Decisive methods of final diagnosis were by observation of clinical course in 35 (64.8%), radiologic examination in 10 (18.5%), serologic or biochemical test in 5 (9.3%) and tissue biopsy in 4 (7.4%); none were diagnosed by culture. CONCLUSION: Infection remains the most common etiology of classic FUO in Korea and observing the clinical course is the most commonly used method for decisive diagnosis and its importance should be emphasized in approaching patients with FUO.
Adult* ; Biopsy ; Communicable Diseases ; Diagnosis ; Fever of Unknown Origin* ; Fever* ; Humans ; Korea* ; Retrospective Studies ; Still's Disease, Adult-Onset ; Tuberculosis ; Typhoid Fever

BACKGROUND: Due to advances in various diagnostic methods, recent studies reported changes in the pattern of etiology of fever of unknown origin (FUO). To identify the current pattern of the causes of FUO, we analyzed the etiology of recently diagnosed FUO at a university hospital in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 69 cases that fulfilled the criteria of classic FUO and retrospectively analyzed the etiology and decisive methods of diagnosis. RESULTS: The etioloies of FUO were infectious disease, non-infectious inflammatory disease, malignancy and miscellaneous cases in 22 (31.9%), 8 (11.6%), 4 (2.3%) and 21 (30.4%) patients, respectively. In 15 (21.7%) cases the cause could not be identified. Among infectious diseases, tuberculosis and suspected typhoid fever were the most common causes of infection (8 case, 11.7%) with tuberculosis being the most common confirmed infection. Adult onset Still's disease (13 cases, 4.4%) and drug-related fever (13 cases, 18.8%) were the most common cause of non-infectious inflammatory disease and miscellaneous causes, respectively. Decisive methods of final diagnosis were by observation of clinical course in 35 (64.8%), radiologic examination in 10 (18.5%), serologic or biochemical test in 5 (9.3%) and tissue biopsy in 4 (7.4%); none were diagnosed by culture. CONCLUSION: Infection remains the most common etiology of classic FUO in Korea and observing the clinical course is the most commonly used method for decisive diagnosis and its importance should be emphasized in approaching patients with FUO.
Adult* ; Biopsy ; Communicable Diseases ; Diagnosis ; Fever of Unknown Origin* ; Fever* ; Humans ; Korea* ; Retrospective Studies ; Still's Disease, Adult-Onset ; Tuberculosis ; Typhoid Fever

Although the confirmative diagnosis of typhoid fever is by culture of the causative organism, usually from blood, a serological test is still necessary to provide a more rapid method of diagnosis. The indirect fluorescent antibody test, using a Salmonella typhi Vi antigen and a FITC-conjugated rabbit anti-human polyvalent immunoglobulin, was evaluated for the diagnosis of typhoid fever. Serum specimens were collected from patients with febrile diseases on admission. Of the 32 patients with titers of 1:64 or more, 22 were confirmed to have typhoid fever by blood culture and 7 had fever of undetermined origin that was considered to be typhoid fever clinically. Three patients were diagnosed to have salmonellosis other than typhoid fever. Of the 121 patients with titers of 1:32 or less, 105 patients had non-typhoidal febrile disease, 15 patients had fever of undetermined origin, and one patient was confirmed to have typhoid fever by blood culture. When a Vi antibody titer of 1:64 or more was taken as serological evidence for the diagnosis of typhoid fever, the sensitivity and specificity were 95.7% and 97.2%, respectively. The incidence of positive test results following fever onset was 70.0% within 1 week of fever onset, 88.9% from 1 to 2 weeks, and 100% after 2 weeks. In conclusion, the Vi-indirect fluorescent antibody test(Vi-IFAT) can be employed as a useful serologic test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever.
Antigens, Bacterial/*analysis ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique/*standards ; Human ; Salmonella typhi/immunology ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Typhoid Fever/*diagnosis

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Typhoid Fever ; diagnosis ; therapy