Although stomach cancer immunohistochemistry is similar tothe immunohistochemistry of other organ, it has great impact on diagnosis and treatment, such as its ability to reveal whether the cancer is primary or metastatic and which treatment model would be more effective in individual case. Lately, CK7, CK20 and CDX-2 immunohistochemical markers are commonly used in stomach cancers. Stomach cancer prognosis is different in each patient, depending on several factors, patients’ health status, cancer cell differentiation, and cancer cell growth. To evaluate these factors,immunohistochemic al analysis is more effective and for this purpose they use Ki-67, CD 34, BCL-2, p53, Cyclin D1, andHer- 2 markers.The evaluation of HER-2 expression should be carefully carried out, as following: 1. HER-2 expression should be evaluated on minimum 5 positive stained cells. The evaluation criteria aremicroscopic magnification and cytoplasmic membrane-stained pattern. 2. Other than the membrane-stained pattern must be excluded. HER2 gene evaluation (FISH) can confirm the HER2 IHCexpression. 3. Usage of FDA approved antibody (4B5) has the advantageof increased sensitivity. 4. The algorithm for the evaluation of HER-2 expression used for breast cancer has 50% possibility of false negativity if it is used for stomach cancer. Therefore, it is needed to beevaluated with another specific algorithm. Because HER-2 2+ and 3+ cases can improve outcome with usingTrastizumab treatment.

Background: The Khongor soum has 253.3 thousand hectare square meter land which is 77 percent of Darkhan aimag from that 31.2 thousand hectare square meter land is used for plantation purpose. 12% of population is kazak. In April 2007, environment and drinking water resource of Khongor soum was polluted by dilution sewage water. Since after this incidence population were complaining about health status. Purpose of this survey was to determine cancer and general mortality of soum population. There 2 objectives: 1. To verify cancer mortality and morbidity in Khongor soum, Darkhan2. To assess excess mortality of cancer in the Khongor soumMethods: Health secondary data of 2006-2009 of Health department of Darkhan-Uul aimag was used for the assessment. The information about cause of death, number of death, population and so on were collected to caluculate crude mortality and cancer-specific mortality.Results: in 2007, the lowest or 4950 population was registered in Khongor soum and the highest number or 5628 of population was registered in 2002. The number of population gradually increased in 2009 by 5603. During 2006-2009 66 people were died in Khongor soum and this means 125.3 populations per 10000. According to the year trend mortality (66) rate was not fluctuated year by year. The leading ten causes of mortality of Khongor soum, at the first CVD (51.1 per 10000) and at the second cancer (37.8 per 10000) and it is similar with Mongolian mortality consistence. According to standardized mortality rate, mortality of Darkhan-Uul aimag was 8 per 10000 and the level of Khongor soum was 0.3 which means less than state average level. During 2006-2009 years, 24 people were died due to cancer and most of them were male (17, 70.8%). Every year of surveyed time, male mortality rate was high. The registered cancer (62.5 per 10000) of soum was similar with state average level and 1.5 times less then Darkhan- Uul aimag (92.5 per 1000) level.Conclusions: The last 5 years mortality rate of Khongor soum (124.9 per 10000) less 2.4 times from Mongolian state average level and 1.9 times less than Darkhan-uul aimag level. There are approved that cancer level of Khongor soum was not increased in last year. However, it is recommended to monitor Khongor soum’s morbidity and mortality to evaluate long-term effect of environmental pollution.

BackroundTerritory of Mongolia is spread over seven natural ecological zones and it has harsh continental climate. Mongolia is one of the most sparsely populated country on the World. The study was done among residents of the Khovd province and its subprovinces as representations of Altai mountain region. The study was focused on clarifying relavance of health status scores of a population with geographical and ecologicalspecifics of the places they live.Goal:To determine BA, grades of aging and health status scores among population (30-69 years) of mountain regions.Materials and Methods:In total 1119 persons were chosen for the research study, which was conducted in 2011. Quantative data of the study has been processed with the use of statistical data processing software SPSS-19.Results14.4% - 94.1% of male in all age groups had health problems. In all age groups 55.9%-85.5% of male and 43.9%-78.4% of female had adaptation functional tension. Conclusions: Aging for women of all age groups was significantly slowed or slowed. Aging for men of 30-49 ages it was accelerated, for men of 50-69 years aging was normal or slightly slowed. The portion of people with adaptation functional tension was greater in all age groups. Most of the women in the age group of 60-69 years had unsatisfactory adaptation. Health status of male is significantly at a lower level compare to female.

Backround: Biological age score plays an essential role in the evalution of aging process and health status. The study was focused on clarifying relavance of health status scores of a population of Khangai mountain region with geographical and ecological specifics of the places they live. Goal: To determine the grades of aging (GA) and biological age score (BAS) among population (30-69 years) of Zavkhan aimags.Materials and Methods: We examined 1901 men and women aged 30-69 years old in Zavkhan aimags in 2012 and healthy subjects were assessed with physical, physiological variable. The BAS equation was employed to compute the individual BAScores for all subjects. Quantative data has been processed with the use of statistical data processing software SPSS-19. Results: Health scores of 92.1% of male in the age group of 30-39 years, 68.7% of male in the age group of 40-49 years had health problems (in level IV, V ). In all age groups 70.3% -98.6% had normal adaptation and adaptation functional tension. 54.2- 55.1% of both sex in the ages group 60-69 years had unsatisfactory adaptation.Conclusions: Aging process for women in age groups of 50-59, 60-69 years was significantly delayed or delayed. For men of 30-49 ages aging process was accelerated, for men of 50-69 years it was normal or delayed. Health scores of men in the age group of 30-39, 40-49 years is significantly at a lower level (IV,V) and health scores of women all age groups is significantly at a high level (IIII).

Objective: Mathematical modeling of reference values of internal organs of Mongolians (in vitro) and compare them with results of two and three-dimensional ultrasound measurements.Materials and Methods: Mathematical modeling was done with the methods of interpolation. Ultrasound measurements of internal organs were made with common methods of standard planes and results were analyzed. The basis of mathematical modeling to convert reference values of organs to values of organs in live conditions (in vitro) was elaborated. For example: Heart was modeled with double cylindrical volume with convex surface. Liver was modeled with triangle pyramid (tetrahedron) with concave and convex surface. Kidney was modeled with the shape of rotating ellipse with convex and hollow surface. Spleen was modeled with the shape of cutting pyramid with concave and convex surface. Pancreas was modeled with the shape of cylinder with convex surface. Gallbladder was modeled with the shape of cutting cone with spherical bottom. Following formulas were defined and used for modeling:Where: V-volume, r-modelled average value of 3 dimensions radius of rotation, k-coefficient for converting volume of mathematical models to original volume, P-perimeter, S-calculated bottom square with formula Guron, ϱ- density of tissue, h - height, a - length, b - width, c -thickness, r 1; r2 ;r3 – average value of radius, m - mass, I- total length. Results: Comparative analysis of the volume of internal organs of adult Mongolians determined with the help of mathematical modeling with the volume established with 2D ultrasound linear measurements revealed no statistically significant difference between parenchymal organs and revealed statistically significant difference between other organs (P<0.001).

In 2006, by the news of National Center of Health Development, morbidity of cardiovascular disease was 501.84 per 10000 people. It’s increased by 2 times than over 10 years.Goal: To study and to determine stereometric research, mathematic modeling and histologicalcharacteristic on cardiomyocyte of arterial hypertension (AH), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and chronic rheumatoid fever (CRF).Materials and Methods: It was prepared sections for histometric materials from muscular of left ventricle. Linear measurement and number of cardiomyocyte per area of materials were carried out by computermicroscope “Leica” with program Diskus 3.2 version from German. On linear measurement of AH, AMI and CRF were processed by mathematic modeling. On ratio of cytoplasm and nucleus and histological characteristics were analyzed by chi-square testResults: Results of stereometric research on cardiomyocyte On AH volume of cardiomyocyte was 5788.22±40.99mkm3, volume of the nucleus - 806.47±12.86mkm3, ratio cytoplasm and nucleus 1:7 and number of cells per area was 10.On AMI volume of cardiomyocyte was 3240.94±48.96mkm3, volume of the nucleus - 693.85±12.76mkm3, ratio cytoplasm and nucleus 1:5 and number of cells per area was 16. On CRF volume of cardiomyocyte was 5341.06±63.4mkm3, volume of the nucleus - 801.5±15.96mkm3, ratio cytoplasm and nucleus 1:7 and number of cells per area was 11. In comparatively healthy condition at 20 to 30 years old population of Mongolia the volume of cardiomyocyte was determined 1063.17mkm3, volume of nucleus 406.69mkm3, ratio cytoplasm and nucleus 2.6 and number of cells per area was 31. Result of histological research of myocardial muscle. By the research of the difference between histological characteristic was confirmed that all of this characteristics have real main difference. Conclusions: It was confirmed difference with statistical probability by that determined volume of the cardiomyocyte 5788.22±40.99mkm3 in AH, 3240.94±48.96mkm3 in AMI and 5341.06±63.4mkm3 in CRF. Quantity of cells per area was in AH - 10, in AMI – 16 and in CRF 11, but in comparatively healthy condition it was 31.

Background: Research of histo and cytometry in comparative healthy and pathological condition is not so much in our country. Therefore, it is making a demand to do stereometrical research study on tissues, cells and nucleus.Goal: To study and to determine stereometrical indices, mathematic model of hepatocytes and nucleus in condition of comparatively healthy, acute intoxication, chronic inflammation and cancer of Mongolians.Materials and Methods: It was prepared sections for histometric materials. Linear measurements of hepatocytes and nucleus were carried out by computer-microscope “Leica” with program Diskus 3.2 version from German. On linear measurement in condition of comparatively healthy, acute intoxication, chronic inflammation and cancer were processed by mathematic modeling.Results: Volume distribution of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm χ2st=15.51>χ2 F=4.31; (P<0.001), and hepatocyte’s nucleus χ2 st=12.59>χ2 F=10.74 in comparatively healthy (normal) conditions pursues normal distribution formula, however, the volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm and nucleus follows Maxwell formula of abnormal distribution χ2 st=23.68>χ2 F=10.44; (P<0.001), χ2 st=15.51>χ2 F=6.90; (P<0.001) in a condition of acute intoxication and volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm and nucleus χ2 st=23.68>χ2 F=8.03; (P<0.001), χ2 st=15.51>χ2 F=4.32; (P<0.001) in a condition of chronic inflammation. And volume distribution of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm χ2 st=8.27>χ2F=19.68; (P<0.001), and hepatocyte’s nucleus χ2st=3.41>χ2F=3.82 incondition of cancer. There is no statistically significant difference (P<0.001) between observation and theoretical frequencies of average values of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm and nucleus volume, which confirms that the result is true and accurate.Conclusions:1. Volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm is 2184.18±36.98 mkm3 in comparatively healthy (normal) conditions, 4153.17±84.18 mkm3 in a condition of acute intoxication, 4887.84±75.51 mkm3 in a condition of chronic inflammation and 13143.88±4.29 mkm3 in a cancer condition. Volume of nucleus is 299.94±36.98 mkm3 in comparatively healthy (normal) conditions, 873.59±13.86 mkm3 in a condition of acute intoxication, 888.65±13.51 mkm3 in a condition of chronic inflammation and 2924.57±2.12 mkm3 in a cancer condition.2. Volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm was increased 2 times, volume of hepatocyte’s nucleus was increased 3 times in a condition of acute intoxication and volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm was increased 2.2 times, volume of hepatocyte’s nucleus was increased 2.9 times (P< 0.001) in a condition of chronic inflammation. However volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm was increased 6.5 times, volume of hepatocyte’s nucleus was increased 9.7 times in a condition of cancer.

Background: The intraoperative smear cytology (squash preparation) is fairly accurate, simple, reliabletool for rapid intraoperative diagnosis of neurosurgical biopsies [1]. In the early 1930s, Dr Eisenhardtand Cushing introduced intraoperative cytological investigations for rapid examination of neurosurgicalspecimens and guidance of surgical treatment [2]. Besides rapid decision making during neurosurgicalprocedures, it is also to be ensured that minimum injury is caused to the normal brain structuressurrounding the intracranial neoplasm. It has become necessary for pathologists to train themselves inthe interpretation of cytomorphological features of various central nervous system lesion and used inmany neurosurgical units of all over the world [3]. Thus, to begin doing intraoperative squash cytology inour practice is the aim of this study.Aim: To study the diagnostic accuracy of squash cytology in the intraoperative diagnosis of centralnervous system tumorsMaterials and Methods: The material for this study was obtained from 30 cases of nervous systemneoplasms sent for intraoperative consultation from State Third Central Hospital, Shashtin to the thirdsection of National Center for Pathology between 7th of November 2013 to 28th of March 2014. Squashpreparation was performed on all cases and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The diagnosis given onsquash cytology was then compared with final diagnosis given on paraffin-embedded sections.Results: Of total 30 cases of primary central nervous system tumors, neuroepithelial tumors are thelargest category of tumors (50%). The accuracy of squash cytology was 82.1%.Conclusion: This is the first study in our country where intra-operative squash cytology in brain tumorwas done and diagnostic accuracy was 82.1% as very good category. There were 4 cases had diagnosticdiscrepancy.

BackgroundIn Mongolia scientists have been doing research about skin disease and process of aging. Howeverthere has not enough study material about skin aging process which is the key indicator of aging andhow that affect to Mongolian people.GoalMain purpose is to study correlations between main index of skin type of the body, cardiovascularsystem, biological age, epidermal growth factor and blood plasma melatonin, within the people of Uvsprovincial center as they are relatively healthy people.Material and MethodsResearch works were done using cross sectional study model in years 2015-2016, within randomlychosen 400 citizens of Ulaangom city, counted to be relatively healthy people. Research model includes41 questionnaires, examination and blood plasma samples.Basic indexes of the body, cardiovascular system and respiratory functions were chosen by biomarkers,biological age is determined by V.P.Voytenko’s 4th version method and adaptive capacity assessment isdetermined by R.M.Baevskii’s multi-repeating regression method.Main skin type parameters such as porosity, wrinkles, pigmentation, elastics and aging is determined bythe “BOOMTECH skin diagnosis” digital equipment made in the Republic of Korea.The blood plasma MLT and EGF were measured by the method of ELISA analysis ELISA made in thelaboratory of the “AVITSENNA Science and Technology center”.The study material analysis carried out an analysis using logistic regression analysis and Pearson’scorrelation coefficient with SPSS 23.0 software.ResultThere’s an inverse weak correlation between blood plasma MLT and EGF with body wealth characteristicsof Uvs province citizens. It shows that when the blood plasma MLT and EGF decreases the body weight,body height and body weight index increase tendency.In women the decrease of blood plasma MLT and EGF also decreases the body height and body weightindex.Research on correlation between cardiovascular system and blood plasma MLT and EGF shows thatdecrease of blood plasma MLT causes in increased arterial pressures in both sexual groups, decreasedEGF in women causes decreased arterial pressure.Correlation study between skin main characteristics and blood plasma MLT and EGF shows thatdecreased blood plasma EGF in men resulted in decreased skin wrinkles, porosity, elasticity and skin aging index, in women decreased skin pigmentation and elasticity, and increased skin wrinkles, porosity and aging index in women.Research study of correlation between biological age and adaptive capacity assessment with the blood plasma MLT and EGF shows that decreased MLT and EGF in men results in increased biological age characteristics. In other words, the early aging is caused.The logistical regression analyses made using blood plasma melatonin, skin porosity, biological age,body height and sex as the risk parameters of Pearson coefficient and chi-squared parameter. Above model resulted in skin porosity and blood plasma MLT’s are becoming independent variable assessing the skin aging.Conclusions:1. The decreased MLT and EGF’s are resulted in increased body weight, body height and body weight index in men and decreased body height, body weight index in women.2. Decreased blood plasma MLT resulted in increased arterial pressure in both sexual groups and decreased EGF resulted in decreased arterial pressure in women.3. The decreased blood plasma MLT and EGF results in decreased skin wrinkles, porosity, elasticityand skin aging parameter with the increased skin pigmentation in men, as it results in decreasedskin pigmentation, elasticity and skin porosity parameters with the increased skin aging degree in women.4. When epidermal growth factor and blood plasma melatonin is decreased in men it results in increased biological age, but depends directly to the adaptive capacity assessment.5. Skin porosity and blood plasma melatonin were becoming independent variable to assess skin aging.