Objective To get knowledge of the air pollution situation inside the car caused by the automotive components and decorative materials and the major impacting factors, and to provide the basis for the development of the car air pollution control and countermeasures. Methods Thirty-five cars of different types and ages were selected from January to July 2008. The concentration of benzene series compounds, formaldehyde and TVOC was determined, a survey and analysis of air pollution inside the car was conducted. Results The results showed that the air pollution inside the new cars was serious, with the increase of the using time, the concentration of pollutants reduced. The amount of formaldehyde emission inside the cars was related to the age of the car, the formaldehyde pollution inside the new cars was the most serious in one year. The longer the car was closed, the higher the concentration of pollutants would be. Using perfume or smoking inside the car, car washing or painting could increase the TVOC concentration inside the car. However, after purification treatment, the concentration of air pollutants inside the new cars could significantly decrease. Conclusion The air pollution inside the new cars is so serious, for the health of passengers and drivers, the related standards for the control of the air pollution should be set as soon as possible.

Objective Angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ ) contributes to modulating blood pressure by stimulation of Ang Ⅱ AT1 receptors. We devised a rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model to assess whether oxidative damage is decreased after pretreatment with Angiotensin Ⅱ AT1 receptor blocker (ARB). Methods After 2 weeks pretreatment with ARB 0. 5 and 1 mg/kg, the male Wister rats were subjected to 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). At 24 h, the lumen diameter of middle cerebral artery, the plasma level of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and HIF-1 a levels were recorded and compared. Results After pretrcatment with ARB 0.5 and 1 mg/kg, blood pressure did not significantly change compared with that of controls. In the group of candesartan at 1 mg/(kg· day), the lumen diameter was significantly increased compared to that in control group [(86.0±5.0) μm vs. (69.0± 2.1) μm; P<0. 01, n = 6- 8]. The plasma 8-OHdG levels of ARB pretreatment groups were decreased. In immunohistochemical findings, 8-OHdG- and HIF-1α-containing cells in ARB pretreatment groups were decreased. Conclusion Brain ischemia and oxidative damage can be reversed by AT1 receptor blockade in normotensive rats after transient cerebral artery occlusion.

Objective Angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang-Ⅱ) increases NADPH oxidase activity and stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide anion through Ang Ⅱ AT1-receptor (AT1-R) activation. ROS is involved in various pathological processes in brain ischemia. We investigated whether the AT1-R blocker (ARB) candesartan can protect normotensive rats against brain ischemia. Methods After 2-week pretreatment with candesartan, rats were subjected to 2 hours middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO-R) and 24 hours later, the infarct volume, iNOS, and eNOS mRNA in the internal carotid artery was recorded and compared. Results Candesartan pretreatment reduced cerebral ischemia and oxidative brain damage after MCAO-R in normotensive rats, resulting in a decreased cortical infarct volume [0.5 mg/kg candesartan, (46.8±13.2)mm3; 1.0 mg/kg candesartan, (19.3±15.3)mm3 vs. control, (111.7±14.3)mm3; P<0.05, P<0.01, respectively]. Candesartan pretreatment increased the eNOS mRNA level in the internal carotid artery. Conclusion In normotensive rats exposed to MCAO-R, candesartan protectes against brain ischemia. This effect may represent a significant therapeutic advantage and may induce end-organ protection even at normal blood pressure.

BACKGROUND:Hair fol icle stem cel s derived from skin and hair have the most readily available sources, and cannot lead to serious complications and immunogenicity after col ection, which can be used for autologous transplantation. OBJECTIVE:To provide effective experiment basis for hair fol icle stem cel s in the repair of skin wound through reviewing the role of hair fol icle stem cel s in promote the repair of skin wound. METHODS:Articles related to hair fol icle stem cel s for the repair of skin wound were retrieved in CNKI and PubMed databases (1999-01/2014-12). The key words were“hair fol icle stem cel , skin repairing, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering”in Chinese and English, respectively. A total of 45 articles based on inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria were obtained for the review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Hair fol icle stem cel s belong to adult stem cel s, which are easy to access, have a significant number, and possess differentiation potential and safety. Hair fol icle stem cel s can promote the repair of skin wound and provides good seed cel s for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering research through early vascularization of the skin, epidermal and appendage regeneration, signaling pathways, and transcription factors.

BACKGROUND:Pneumatic lithotripsy and holmium laser lithotripsy for distal ureteral calculi have their own advantages and disadvantages in efficacy and complications, but both of them are currently better treatments. ＜br> OBJECTIVE:To compare the efficacy and safety of holmium laser lithotripsy and pneumatic lithotripsy for the treatment of distal ureteral calculi through a meta analysis. ＜br> METHODS:A online search of China Biological Medicine disk, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Springerlink, Medline, and Embase databases was performed from March 1999 to December 2013. A manual retrieval of relevant journals was also done for clinical trials about holmium laser lithotripsy and pneumatic lithotripsy for treatment of distal ureteral calculi. RevMan 5.1.5 software (Cachrane Library) was used for meta analysis. The fol owing indexes were used to compare the results:mean operative time, early stone free rate, stone migration rate, ureteral perforation rate, postoperative hematuria rate and retaining double-J catheter rate. ＜br> RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Four prospective studies (a total of 275 patients) were enrol ed, and there were 140 cases in the group of holmium laser lithotripsy and 133 cases in the pneumatic Lithotripsy group. Holmium laser lithotripsy conveyed significant benefits compared with pneumatic lithotripsy in mean operative time [WMD=-16.38, 95%CI (-20.29,-12.47), P＜0.000 01], stone migration incidence [OR=0.25, 95%CI (0.10, 0.63), P=0.003], retaining double-J catheter rate [OR=0.44, 95%CI (0.25, 0.78), P=0.004], while early stone free rate, postoperative hematuria rate and ureteral perforation rate had no significant changes between the two groups. Compared with pneumatic lithotripsy, holmium laser lithotripsy can shorten mean operative time and reduce the stone migration rate. Because of the lack of prospective studies and smal sample size, large-sized randomized control ed studies are urgently needed to provide evidence.

Objective To compare differences of CSF biochemical index in optic myelitis combined with abnormal signal in craniocerebral MRI with no significant abnormalities in brain MRI.Methods The data of 39 cases who meet the diagnostic criteria of Wingerchuck were collected.The brain MRI and cerebrospinal fluid,blood bio-chemical indexes were retrospectively analyzed.Results There were no statistical differences between two groups of patients in onset age,average age,hospitalization days,the number of red blood cells,white blood cell,hemoglobin, cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte and CSF synthetic index,the total number of cells,cerebrospinal fluid IgG,synthetic rate index of sheath,but the index of blood brain barrier(CSF:serum albumin ratio,AR)of NMO patients with craniocere-bral MRI abnormalities was higher than normal group(P <0.05).Conclusion NMO patients with brain abnormali-ties are common,and cerebral MRI with signs of abnormalities shows a higher AR value,speculated that abnormal brain MRI signal in NMO patients is associated with the damage of blood -brain barrier,investigation of NMO brain MRI performance can improve the diagnosis of the NMO and identification with multiple sclerosis.

Objective To compare the effect of one-site and two-site incision in glaucoma with cataract combined surgery.Methods Forty-two cases (58 eyes) of patients of glaucoma with cataract combined surgery were selected.One-site incision were 22 cases with 30 eyes (one-site incision group),and two-site incision were 20 cases with 28 eyes (two-site incision group).The postoperative intraocular pressure,ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM),filtering bleb and complications were compared in two groups.Results The postoperative visual acuity and intraocular pressure in two groups were better than preoperative [one-site incision group:0.82±0.11 vs.0.18±0.09,(17.32±4.52) mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) vs.(31.98± 5.18) mm Hg,two-site incision group:0.79 ±0.20 vs.0.20 ±0.03,(16.98 ±4.65) mm Hg vs.(33.16 ±4.61) mm Hg],there were statistically significant differences (P ＜ 0.05),but there was no significant difference between two groups on postoperative (P＞ 0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in visibility of filtering routes under the scleral flap and reflectivity inside the blebs in two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Ohe-site and two-site incision in glaucoma with cataract combined surgery has good intraoeular pressure control,can maintain a good filtering bleb function at the same time.The effects are similar between the two operative methods.

Objective To investigate the relationship between duration of hypertension and cognitive function in adult hypertension patients.Methods A total of 224 subjects with normal blood pressure were enrolled in group A,and 1 296 patients with poorly controlled hypertension were further divided by the duration of hypertension into group B (≤5 years),group C (6-10 years),group D (11-20years) and group E (＞ 20 years).Face-to-face surveys were conducted in all the subjects by trained physicians using Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE) and Clock-Drawing-Test (CDT).The incidences of cognitive impairment were compared among the five groups and the relationship between duration of hypertension and cognitive function were analyzed by SPSS 18.0 software.Results (1) Compared with the normotensive group,the hypertensive group performed worse in the scores of MMSE,CDTs,the memory type cognitive function and the non-memory type cognitive function (MMSE:Z =-2.585,P =0.010;C DTs:Z =-3.689,P ＜ 0.001 ; memory type cognitive function:Z =-2.718,P =0.007 ; non-memory type cognitive function:Z =-1.994,P =0.046).(2) The incidences of cognitive impairment in the five groups were 3.6％ (8/224),6.6％ (26/393),16.6％ (72/433),19.7％ (55/279) and 33.5％(64/191),respectively.(3) Compared with the group A,the cognitive function was significantly worse in the group E (MMSE:Z =61.314,P ＜ 0.001 ; CDTs:Z =44.642,P ＜ 0.001 ; memory type cognitive function:Z =35.703,P ＜ 0.001 ; non-memory type cognitive function:Z =54.440,P ＜ 0.001).Conclusions Hypertension is a risk factor for the cognitive dysfunction.The incidence of cognitive dysfunction and the severity are positively associated with the duration of hypertension.In those with hypertension over 20 years,the cognitive dysfunction occurs much more obviously.

Objective To investigate the expression of PPAR-γ in rectal carcinoma and the relationship between the expression of PPAR-γ and apoptosis in rectal carcinoma. Methods Tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of PPAR-γ gene, bcl-2 and bax in 16 cases of the normal rectal tissue, 16 cases of rectal adenoma and 80 cases of the rectal carcinoma. TUNEL was used to detect of the AI in 80 cases of the rectal carcinoma. Results The positive rate of PPAR-γ expression in normal rectal tissue, rectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma were 6.3%, 25.0% and 71.3% respectively. Clinicopathological analysis showed that the in-crease of PPAR-γ expression were not associated with age, sex and histological classification (P > 0.05), but associated with differentiation grades, pathological stages, lymph nodes metastases and 3-year survival rate (P < 0.05). The expression of PPAR-γwas positively correla-ted with bcl - 2 and bax. AI was negative related with PPAR-γ (r = -0.51, P < 0.05). Conclusions PPAR-γ gene may play a role in the oncogenesis and progression of rectal carcinoma. The abnormal regulation of apoptosis may play an important role in the pathogenesis of rectal carcinoma. Detection of PPAR-γ is of great value for diagnosing colorectal carcinoma, and evaluating malignancy extent and prognosis.

Fragmented QRS (fQRS) complex drew a large number of research interests recent years.It said to be prevalent in patients with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction.Researchers also found fQRS was a sign of myocardial scarring,myocardial focal necrosis and substandard perfusion in patients suffered acute myocardial infarction,and the relationship of fQRS with malignant arrhythmia and cardiovascular events in these patients was also investigated lately,patients with fQRS were said to have an unfavorable prognosis.We summarized the definition,pathogenetic mechanism of fQRS and the relationship with ventricular arrhythmia in this article to figure out the cardiovascular event's predictive value of fQRS in patients suffered with acute myocardial infarction.