Objective To get knowledge of the air pollution situation inside the car caused by the automotive components and decorative materials and the major impacting factors, and to provide the basis for the development of the car air pollution control and countermeasures. Methods Thirty-five cars of different types and ages were selected from January to July 2008. The concentration of benzene series compounds, formaldehyde and TVOC was determined, a survey and analysis of air pollution inside the car was conducted. Results The results showed that the air pollution inside the new cars was serious, with the increase of the using time, the concentration of pollutants reduced. The amount of formaldehyde emission inside the cars was related to the age of the car, the formaldehyde pollution inside the new cars was the most serious in one year. The longer the car was closed, the higher the concentration of pollutants would be. Using perfume or smoking inside the car, car washing or painting could increase the TVOC concentration inside the car. However, after purification treatment, the concentration of air pollutants inside the new cars could significantly decrease. Conclusion The air pollution inside the new cars is so serious, for the health of passengers and drivers, the related standards for the control of the air pollution should be set as soon as possible.

Objective Angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ ) contributes to modulating blood pressure by stimulation of Ang Ⅱ AT1 receptors. We devised a rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model to assess whether oxidative damage is decreased after pretreatment with Angiotensin Ⅱ AT1 receptor blocker (ARB). Methods After 2 weeks pretreatment with ARB 0. 5 and 1 mg/kg, the male Wister rats were subjected to 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). At 24 h, the lumen diameter of middle cerebral artery, the plasma level of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and HIF-1 a levels were recorded and compared. Results After pretrcatment with ARB 0.5 and 1 mg/kg, blood pressure did not significantly change compared with that of controls. In the group of candesartan at 1 mg/(kg· day), the lumen diameter was significantly increased compared to that in control group [(86.0±5.0) μm vs. (69.0± 2.1) μm; P<0. 01, n = 6- 8]. The plasma 8-OHdG levels of ARB pretreatment groups were decreased. In immunohistochemical findings, 8-OHdG- and HIF-1α-containing cells in ARB pretreatment groups were decreased. Conclusion Brain ischemia and oxidative damage can be reversed by AT1 receptor blockade in normotensive rats after transient cerebral artery occlusion.

Objective Angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang-Ⅱ) increases NADPH oxidase activity and stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide anion through Ang Ⅱ AT1-receptor (AT1-R) activation. ROS is involved in various pathological processes in brain ischemia. We investigated whether the AT1-R blocker (ARB) candesartan can protect normotensive rats against brain ischemia. Methods After 2-week pretreatment with candesartan, rats were subjected to 2 hours middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO-R) and 24 hours later, the infarct volume, iNOS, and eNOS mRNA in the internal carotid artery was recorded and compared. Results Candesartan pretreatment reduced cerebral ischemia and oxidative brain damage after MCAO-R in normotensive rats, resulting in a decreased cortical infarct volume [0.5 mg/kg candesartan, (46.8±13.2)mm3; 1.0 mg/kg candesartan, (19.3±15.3)mm3 vs. control, (111.7±14.3)mm3; P<0.05, P<0.01, respectively]. Candesartan pretreatment increased the eNOS mRNA level in the internal carotid artery. Conclusion In normotensive rats exposed to MCAO-R, candesartan protectes against brain ischemia. This effect may represent a significant therapeutic advantage and may induce end-organ protection even at normal blood pressure.

Objective To investigate the expression of PPAR-γ in rectal carcinoma and the relationship between the expression of PPAR-γ and apoptosis in rectal carcinoma. Methods Tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of PPAR-γ gene, bcl-2 and bax in 16 cases of the normal rectal tissue, 16 cases of rectal adenoma and 80 cases of the rectal carcinoma. TUNEL was used to detect of the AI in 80 cases of the rectal carcinoma. Results The positive rate of PPAR-γ expression in normal rectal tissue, rectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma were 6.3%, 25.0% and 71.3% respectively. Clinicopathological analysis showed that the in-crease of PPAR-γ expression were not associated with age, sex and histological classification (P > 0.05), but associated with differentiation grades, pathological stages, lymph nodes metastases and 3-year survival rate (P < 0.05). The expression of PPAR-γwas positively correla-ted with bcl - 2 and bax. AI was negative related with PPAR-γ (r = -0.51, P < 0.05). Conclusions PPAR-γ gene may play a role in the oncogenesis and progression of rectal carcinoma. The abnormal regulation of apoptosis may play an important role in the pathogenesis of rectal carcinoma. Detection of PPAR-γ is of great value for diagnosing colorectal carcinoma, and evaluating malignancy extent and prognosis.

Objective To compare the expression changes of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor Y1 in different stages of osteoblast differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs).Methods The rBMSCs were isolated in vitro from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using whole bone marrow adherence method and cultured. Then, the rBMSCs were divided into osteoblast-induced group and noninduced group. In different periods of culture at 1, 2 and 3 weeks, identification of the osteoblasts was performed by using immunocytochemistry and Western blot. Expressions of mRNA and protein of Y1 receptor were detected by real time reserve transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. Results RT-PCR demonstrated that osteoblast-induced group had a lower expression of Y1 receptor than non-induced group at the same time point and the expression of Y1 receptor was increased in a time-dependent manner in both groups. Western blot demonstrated higher expression of Y1 receptor in osteoblast-induced group compared with non-induced group at the same time point and a decreased expression of Y1 receptor in a time-dependent manner in both groups. Conclusions During the process of osteoblastic differentiation of rat BMSCs, the expressions of mRNA and protein of NPY Y1 receptor show different trends, when NPY may mediate the inhibition of osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs through Y1 receptor pathway.

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanism of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) on proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Methods The rBMSCs were isolated using whole bone marrow adherence method. In the different periods of culturing (1, 2,and 3 weeks), expressions of the neuropeptide receptors were detected by Western Blot and reserve transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The BMSCs were treated with CGRP and SP at concentration 10-8 mol/L at different time (1,3,5,7,9 days), cell proliferation was detected with MTT assay, the protein expressions of cyclin D1 ,cyclin E and p53 were examined using Western Blot. Results The CGRP receptor and SP receptor were expressed in BMSCs. The expression of CGRP receptor was statistically higher than that of SP receptorat the same time point. The growth curves of BMSCs cultured by both neuropeptides had similar appearance. CGRP and SP stimulated the proliferation of BMSCs significantly at 9 days and 7 and 9 days. In this process, the expressions of cyclinDl and cyclinE were up-regulated by CGRP, SP only enhanced the expression of cyclinE; these effects all reached a peak at 5 days. The expression of p53 was down-regulated by both neuropeptides. Conclusion CGRP and SP had direct effects on the proliferation of BMSCs, the regulation of cell cycle proteins is one of the mechanisms.

Objective To compare the effect of one-site and two-site incision in glaucoma with cataract combined surgery.Methods Forty-two cases (58 eyes) of patients of glaucoma with cataract combined surgery were selected.One-site incision were 22 cases with 30 eyes (one-site incision group),and two-site incision were 20 cases with 28 eyes (two-site incision group).The postoperative intraocular pressure,ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM),filtering bleb and complications were compared in two groups.Results The postoperative visual acuity and intraocular pressure in two groups were better than preoperative [one-site incision group:0.82±0.11 vs.0.18±0.09,(17.32±4.52) mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) vs.(31.98± 5.18) mm Hg,two-site incision group:0.79 ±0.20 vs.0.20 ±0.03,(16.98 ±4.65) mm Hg vs.(33.16 ±4.61) mm Hg],there were statistically significant differences (P ＜ 0.05),but there was no significant difference between two groups on postoperative (P＞ 0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in visibility of filtering routes under the scleral flap and reflectivity inside the blebs in two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Ohe-site and two-site incision in glaucoma with cataract combined surgery has good intraoeular pressure control,can maintain a good filtering bleb function at the same time.The effects are similar between the two operative methods.

Objective To investigate the relationship between duration of hypertension and cognitive function in adult hypertension patients.Methods A total of 224 subjects with normal blood pressure were enrolled in group A,and 1 296 patients with poorly controlled hypertension were further divided by the duration of hypertension into group B (≤5 years),group C (6-10 years),group D (11-20years) and group E (＞ 20 years).Face-to-face surveys were conducted in all the subjects by trained physicians using Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE) and Clock-Drawing-Test (CDT).The incidences of cognitive impairment were compared among the five groups and the relationship between duration of hypertension and cognitive function were analyzed by SPSS 18.0 software.Results (1) Compared with the normotensive group,the hypertensive group performed worse in the scores of MMSE,CDTs,the memory type cognitive function and the non-memory type cognitive function (MMSE:Z =-2.585,P =0.010;C DTs:Z =-3.689,P ＜ 0.001 ; memory type cognitive function:Z =-2.718,P =0.007 ; non-memory type cognitive function:Z =-1.994,P =0.046).(2) The incidences of cognitive impairment in the five groups were 3.6％ (8/224),6.6％ (26/393),16.6％ (72/433),19.7％ (55/279) and 33.5％(64/191),respectively.(3) Compared with the group A,the cognitive function was significantly worse in the group E (MMSE:Z =61.314,P ＜ 0.001 ; CDTs:Z =44.642,P ＜ 0.001 ; memory type cognitive function:Z =35.703,P ＜ 0.001 ; non-memory type cognitive function:Z =54.440,P ＜ 0.001).Conclusions Hypertension is a risk factor for the cognitive dysfunction.The incidence of cognitive dysfunction and the severity are positively associated with the duration of hypertension.In those with hypertension over 20 years,the cognitive dysfunction occurs much more obviously.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of cold acclimation on activity and concentration of UCP in mitochondria inner membrane of rat brown fat. METHODS: Using -labeled GTP binded UCP in mitochondria, radioactivity was measured by liquid aglimmer instrument, the dissociation constand(Kd) and maximal binding(Bmax) were determined by Scatchard plot. RESULTS: In cold acclimation pretreated rats, brown fat weight increased, Bmax increased 1.9-fold,Kd decreased 1.4-fold compared with control. CONCLUSION: Cold acclimation not only increase concentration of UCP in mitochondria inner membrane of rat brown fat,but also increase its activity.

Objective To compare differences of CSF biochemical index in optic myelitis combined with abnormal signal in craniocerebral MRI with no significant abnormalities in brain MRI.Methods The data of 39 cases who meet the diagnostic criteria of Wingerchuck were collected.The brain MRI and cerebrospinal fluid,blood bio-chemical indexes were retrospectively analyzed.Results There were no statistical differences between two groups of patients in onset age,average age,hospitalization days,the number of red blood cells,white blood cell,hemoglobin, cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte and CSF synthetic index,the total number of cells,cerebrospinal fluid IgG,synthetic rate index of sheath,but the index of blood brain barrier(CSF:serum albumin ratio,AR)of NMO patients with craniocere-bral MRI abnormalities was higher than normal group(P <0.05).Conclusion NMO patients with brain abnormali-ties are common,and cerebral MRI with signs of abnormalities shows a higher AR value,speculated that abnormal brain MRI signal in NMO patients is associated with the damage of blood -brain barrier,investigation of NMO brain MRI performance can improve the diagnosis of the NMO and identification with multiple sclerosis.