Introduction: This article provides areview about techniques and pitfalls of arterialand venous reconstruction during kidneytransplantation. Main reasons of our clinicalstudy are to evaluate vascular variationsof kidney, posttransplantation vascularcomplication incidence and present status ofsurgery outcome.This retrospective researchbased on cross-sectional assessmentofconsecutive 102 kidney transplantation cases,which performed from 2006 to 2015 at theFirst Central Hospital of Mongolia.Materials and methods: Statisticalprocessing andanalysis on posttransplantionpatient history data are made byMicrosoftExcel, SPSS19.0software.Results: Despite rising technicaldifficulties caused by vascular variations,pelvic and inguinal morphology of recipientand the existence of multiple renal arterieskidney transplantation is a safe and highlyefficient procedure.On this article wereexplained 44 kidney transplantation caseswith reconstruction using microvasculartechniques to reconstruct renal arteriesand veins. About 10 different kinds ofreconstructions were done in our practice.Due to investigation of consecutive 102kidney transplanted recipients, 24,51% had avascular anatomical variations. And describedabout 44 vascular reconstructions used inour hospital in case of vascular variations.According to the lit., vascular complicationsranges from 1 to 16%. In our hospital,vascularcomplication of kidney transplantation withmultiple vessels is 4,0-12,0%. Also, incidenceof vascular complication in group with singlevessels from 1.3 to 2.6% and in group withmultiple vessel 4 to 12%.Even it is highcomparing with other international articles;it’s almost in same results. But lymphaticcomplication is higher than others; it showsneeds of careful and accurate dissection ofrecipient site anastomosing vessels.Conclusion: Multiple renal graft’sveselshave been associated with a higher rateof vascular complications, including arterialstenosis and lymphorrhea. It shows needs ofcareful and accurate dissection of recipientsite anastomosing vessels.

Introduction Currently nations throughout the world are studying and disseminating their traditional medicine and Mongolians create new trend and attitude of medical care and service besides resuming their great heritage and culture of traditional medicine. World Health Organization recommends countries to develop their traditional medicine linking with modern science of medicine, based on particular surveys and analyses are conducted. However, the basic concept for developing Mongolian traditional medicine have been developed and implemented twice, “Government policy on Mongolian traditional medicine”, studies plan of united theory of traditional and modern medicines in master plan for developing Mongolian science and technology studies plan, “Master Plan for health sector” – the policy renovation for 2006-2015, “The frame of implementing master plan for health sector” (2006 2010) and other documents have been developing and implementing since 1990s but lack of studies on whether effective influences of traditional medicines to which stages and to which clinical symptom of dominated diseases among population and whether the traditional medical care meets with customers’ demand are considered as burning issues in determining the further development of traditional medicine. As well as, there are lots of issues that have not been studied and determined yet as diagnosis of traditional medicine, clinical and preventive guidelines and standards have not been developed, have not been involved in united system of health information, structural and operational management of institutions that hold traditional medical care and demands of medical care and professional staffs of traditional medicine. Aim of the study: To study and evaluate the current situation of Mongolian traditional medicine as well as determine trends in future. Purposes of the study: 1. To study the historical periods of the development of Mongolian traditional medicine that have been 01/01 developed since 1921 when health sector initiated in Mongolia. 2. To study Mongolian traditional medical service service by health care levels. 3. To study and to determine the human resource demand and capacity of medical care of traditional medicine. 4. To develop the management model of showing medical care of traditional medicine and health systems based on coherences of western and oriental medicines. Materials and methods This study observed the population criteria of patients who were treated in hospitals, hospital service levels, methods of diagnosis and treatment, common diagnose causes, types of treatment and the results of treatment in order to study the implementation of hospital service of Mongolian Traditional Medicine. The study was conducted in 3 different levels of hospitals: as a primary level hospital Umnudelger soum hospital, Khentii aimag /province/ was chosen, as a secondary level hospital we selected Center for Traditional Medicine of Khentii province, as a tertiary level hospital we chose the clinical hospital of Traditional Medicine, Science, Technology and Production Corporation (CHTMCST). We investigated aid and service information of Traditional Medicine obtained from 952 histories of patients who were treated in hospitals in 2006 and 2007. Analysis was made on policy documents by using analyzing and integrating related document. The study data were developed by making descriptive analysis on digital information, raising related hypothesis, checking it with statistical tests and processing in results. Research data was processed by Microsoft Excel 2007, statistical data was performed by SPSS-12.0 program and descriptive analysis was performed in quantitative information. Result By concluding the activities organized and implemented nationally on the field of traditional medicine for the period since 1921 when health system in Mongolia initiated, it could be considered to divide into stages as, beginning period of developing Mongolian traditional medicine in coexistence with modern health science (1921-1930), deprived period of Mongolian traditional medicine from national service (1930-1958), restoring period of developing Mongolian traditional medicine (1959-1999) and the ensured period of Mongolian traditional medicine as a composition of health science system (1999 up now). It was determined that the percentage of female patients is more than twice (2.3) higher (63.7%) in contrast with male patients (30.1) in all three-level hospital aid. It means in each level of three level hospitals female patients were more in number. Surprisingly, 80.9% of the patients’ age was over 35 and from them 44.7% was at their pension age. This age group is rapidly predominant compared with others. In chosen hospitals patients with diseases and disorders of digestive, urinary-genital, nervous and blood circulation systems are cured commonly. In three-level hospitals examining patients using methods of traditional medicine was differed (p=0.01). In doubled number, 401 or 42.1% of doctors combines both modern and traditional methods of treatment (95% trust limit 42.1+0.017). We investigated if types of treatment depend on the level of hospitals in urban and rural areas by x 2 criteria and concluded that it had statistical significance or the percentage of treatment types went up if the level increased (p

Introduction: By the theory of traditional medicine the “wind, bile, phlegm” are all together been in whole human body, “speech“ and “mind properties” and their role is to regulate with normal function and pathology of the human body, diagnostic and therapeutically activity. 1 Traditional medical body constitutional types classified into “wind-, bile-, phlegm-dominated” (separately 3 types), combined types within 2 elements (“wind-bile, wind-phlegm, bile-phlegm”), and mixed (“wind-bile-phlegm”) type. There are totally 7 types of traditional medical body constitution. 2. Traditional medicine regards man as an unity of human body,“speech“ and “mindproperties”, meanwhile modern medical science regards mentioned above terms separately by the huge meanings of morphology, physiology, psychiatry and psychology. Human body constitutions, anthropometrical determinant and features of stress are inextricably linked with each other so required to study them together as a complex situation. Objective of the research work: To determine correlation between traditional medical constitution and anthropometrical, psychological methods of human body study. Research material and methodology: For our work we chose some inpatients and relatively healthpeople,andconducttheepidemiological analytics research by cross-sectional method. 63-64 Result of research work: Among the all 500 people, who were involved in our research there were students, military personals, sportsmen and inpatients, admitted to a hospitals, at the departments of traditional medicine, respiratory, nephrology, gastrointestinal diseases and rehabilitation unit of Shastin’s central hospital and Traditional medical science technology and Production Corporation. From this 205 people or 41% were male, 295 or 59% - female. 63.2% for the people had obtained to our research, mostly have constitution combined both of the “windbile”, 98.4% (492 people) had suffered by stress from the total 500 people had obtained to the research and only 1.6% (8 persons) of people hadn’t had any stress situation. People with combined constitution of “wind-bile” mainly had a III level of stress as we compared body construction with a stress. The occurrence group`s 250 people had obtained to our research mostly have were the patients admitted to a hospital for treat and among them 24.8% of the patients mainly had a urogenital system pain and 21.6% of the patients mainly had a blood circulatory system pain as we show their sickness situation. People belong to “bile”, “phlegm” constitution mainly had a digestive system pain and the people belong to “bile”, “wind” `s constitution mainly had a urogenital system pain as we considered about organ system pain from a constitution of body construction point of view. Conclusion: 1. The people had obtained to our research, mostly have each constitution combined both of the “windbile” (63.2%), “bile-phlegm” (18.4%) and “windphlegm” (18.4%). 2. We also compared the human body weight amount with the previously defined “wind”, “bile”, “phlegm” amount in a human body (or given person) then we defined relevance between them. The “bilephlegm” combined constitution’s men body height average /1695.7±63.8/ is taller than “wind-phlegm” constitution’s men by 16.7 mm and “wind-bile” men by 21 mm, tne “bile-phlegm” combined constitution’s men body weigth’s /74.4±13.1/ heavier than “windphlegm” constitution’s men by 6 kg and “wind-bile” men by 7kg. 3. III level of stress was highest 43.6% percent and the IV level of the stress was lowest percent or 1.6%, as we conclude stress situation. 4. The highest amount of people (24.8%) mainly had a urogenital system problem and 21.6% of the people had blood circulatory system pathology among the occurrence group people had obtained to our research as we show their sickness situation.

Considering the fact that it is becoming important to broaden the studies of herbal medicine with few side effects which can treat acute and chronic inflammations of the liver and biliary tract, liver cirrhosis and can prevent from transformation into cancer, we chose Saxifraga hirculus L as our study objective which has been used in liver and biliary disease treatments of Tibetan – Mongolian traditional medicine for many years. This study aims to study one of the species of the family Saxifrgaceaca, Saxifraga hirculus L’s liverprotective activity and effect on the liver and biliary tract diseases resulted from bile stasis, which frequently comes as an ingredient of compound prescription of the traditional medicine. 01/01 Study methods: Experimental pathological liver disease model was developed in total of 520 white rats and 80 white mice in 2 ways, Saxifraga hirculus L’s bile-forming and detoxifying function and effects on the detergent effect of bile, necrotic liver cell lysis and stability of lung cell surfactant were compared with the standard drugs such as Legalon and Cholasos and double proven by biochemical, pathohistologi and histochemical studies. 70% alcohol extract was prepared from the selected Saxifraga hirculus L, and dried and decocted extract was obtained from this and given to the experimental animals by oral intragastric tube in a dose of 100mg/kg. As the result of pathohistologi and histochemical study, necrosis and necrobiosis of liver cells were dominantly observed in CCl4 induced “toxic inflammation”, cholestatic syndrome and dysfunction of detoxication action were observed in Tetracycline Hydrochlorideinduced(druginduced)toxic inflammation in the experimental animals. The Saxifraga hirculus L’s most potent dose to treat and protect liver was estimated as 100mg/kg and this was 31 times lower than its LD50. In our study,Saxifraga hirculus L has possessed an anti-inflammatory effect on each stages of inflammation which is alteration, exudation and proliferation. In other hand, Saxifraga hirculus L increased the biliary secretion and excretion speed, protected from toxic detergent effect of bile acid, improved detoxication effect of the liver, protected from the necrotic cell lysis, showed an antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity and these actions were compared with the standard medicines such as Legalon and Cholasos which in some cases, above mentioned effects were higher than these drugs. The hepatoprotective action of Saxifraga hirculus L may have been related to its contents such as compound flavonoids of the quercetin group, aglycone and bitter hyperoside. Also in the case of drug induced toxic hepatitis, Saxifraga hirculus L increased the amount of glycogen and nuclear DNA in the liver tissue by 22-24.5% compared to the control group and was proven by histochemical study.

Background: Infectious keratitis is a disease caused by inflammation, infection, and other ocular damage to the outer and other deep layers of corneal epithelium. It is a major cause of monocular blindness and visual disability worldwide regardless of age and gender. Therefore, we aimed to determine the clinical features and risk factors of infectious keratitis among Mongolians and to identify the causative microorganism and compared them with the treatment results. Methods: We collected the data of 149 patients who diagnosed as infectious keratitis at the Ophthalmology Department of the First State Central Hospital in 2017-2020 and using a case series model of descriptive study. Statistical analysis was calculated using Stata14 software. Results: The majority of patients in our study were male, with a male-to-female ratio is 2.1:1. The cause of infectious keratitis were categorized and eye injury-induced keratitis accounted for the highest percentage of 38.3% (n=57), with the majority being men 73.7% (n=42) (p=0.028). As for the type of treatment, antibacterial drugs 103 (69.1%) and evisceration 27(45%) predominate. Conclusion Our study shows that the majority of infectious keratitis in Mongolia is due to trauma in male patients. Forty-five percent of all surgeries involve evisceration surgery, which reduces the client's quality of life.

Introduction: Diet therapy is based onbody constitution, disease conditions and seasonal influences in traditional medicine. Traditional principles of disease treatment and prevention with diet can be combined with conventional medical practices and may lead to a possibility of developing new treatment and preventive strategies. Objectives: To study the effects of interconnected factors of diet and season on some pathological changes of organ systems, we examined the effects of horse meat which has hot quality and goat meat which has cold quality on rat models of acute hepatitis induced by CCL4 and acute pulmonary edema induced by adrenalin hydrochloride in spring and autumn. Materials and methods: CCL4 (200 mg/kg) was was administered percutaneously to induce acute hepatitis in rats. Adrenalin hydrochloride (25 mg/kg) injected via the tail vein by slow injection to induce acute pulmonary edema in mice. Horse and goat meat were given for 14 days before the CCL4 and adrenalin hydrochloride administration. Renal activity was determined by measuring urine volume at every 6 hours. Results: Results of our study show that goat meat which has cold quality is more effective in autumn when a rise of bile element is occurred, and horse meat which has a cold quality is more effective in autumn when phlegm element rises. Horse meat increased pulmonary surfactant stabilitycoefficient by 54.73% in autumn while it increased that by 69.66% in spring. Decreased alveolar collapse and improved pulmonary surfactant stability by horse meat treatment support the concept of traditional medicine that diseases of the lungs, the phlegm dominant organs are treated with diet, medicine, and behavior with warm and oily qualities. In spring, urine excretion was increased in animalstreated with goat meat which has cold and oily qualities. Conclusions: 1. The “spring + horse meat” and “autumn + goat meat” versions of treatments more effectively decrease cytolysis during acute hepatocellular necrosis in animals administered CCL4. 2. Compare to goat meat, horse meat has more effects to decrease alveolar collapse and pulmonary edema in mice model of pulmonary edema induced by adrenalin hydrochloride. 3. “Goat meat + spring” version of treatment decreases urine excretion in experimental animals.

BACKGROUND: Pterygium is a fibrovascular wing shaped encroachment of conjunctiva onto the cornea. Although the pathogenesis remains obscure, the ultraviolet radiations (UVR), especially UVR-A and UVR-B (290-400 nm), are considered the most dangerous in developing pterygium among other environmental factors (hot, dry, windy, dusty and smoky environments and hereditary factors. The main histopathological change in primary pterygium is elastotic degeneration of conjunctival collagen. Patient complaints include foreign body feeling and visual loss due to corneal astigmatism or growth over the pupil and cosmetic problems. Anti-inflammatory drugs and lubricants have an important role minimizing the patient’s discomfort, but they do not cure the disease. After surgical removal there are still many recurrences regardless of the method used. Autologous conjunctival grafting seems to be the best method, given both the low recurrence rate and high safety. As described first by Kenyon et al. in 1985, a conjunctival autograft reported a recurrence rate of 5.3% with infrequent and relatively minor complications. The primary disadvantage of this technique is the prolonged operative time required when compared to the bare sclera technique. These disadvantages are outweighed by the lack of sight-threatening complications and the relatively low recurrence rate, which made this procedure gain popularity in many centers. The application of intraoperative 0.02% mitomycin C for the 5 minutes is efficient in reducing the recurrence rate to a minimum. METHODS: This retrospective case series, single center study was conducted on 239 patients, who underwent pterygium excision from Jan 2017 to Dec 2017 at the Department of Ophthalmology of the First Central Hospital. All patients had a detailed ophthalmic examination before the surgical intervention. Data were collected through a prepared questionnaire. Postoperative follow-up examination sheets were evaluated. Data for recurrence rate of pterygium excision were collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 17.. RESULTS: Among the 239 patients, who underwent an operation, 37.2% (n=89) were male and 62.8% (n=150) were female. Participants’ age ranged from 29 -70 years with mean age of 49.5 years old. There is no statistical significance between the stages of the disease and its post-operative outcome in the patients, who underwent pterygium excision surgery in 2017. Postoperative pterygium recurrence was in 9 patients (3.8%); 5 (55.5%) out of all 9 patients with recurred pterygium had underwent pterygium excision without conjunctival autograft. MMC was not used intraoperatively for all 9 (3.8%) patients with recurrence post pterygium excision. CONCLUSION: The relationship between pterygium stage and its post-operative recurrence was not statistically significant (P=0.683). The recurrence rate after pterygium excision with conjunctival autograft was low (P≤0.001) which showed significant statistically. There was no recurrence after pterygium excision with MMC (P≤0.001). The results of studies from Canada, Hong-Kong, India, Philippines and Iran were similar to our outcome.

Background: However kidney transplantation has being performed in Mongolia since 2006, because of pre-transplant sensitization, ABO incompatibility, hepatitis B and C virus activation many patients are taken kidney transplantation in abroad. The transplantation centers use own immunosuppressive regimens. Objective: Our aim was to assess the immunosuppressive regimens efficacy and toxicity in kidney transplant Mongolian recipients. Methods: We analyzed data from 96 adult kidney transplant recipients who had taken kidney transplantation in different transplant centers from August 2006 through January 2014. There were 3 kinds of regimens Group I Simulect induction with standard triple /FK506/CyA+MMF/AZA+steroid/, Group II Campath-1H induction with CNI monotherapy and Group III Campath-1H induction with standard triple /FK506/CyA+MMF/AZA+steroid/. We retrospectively collected the post-transplant first two years serum creatinine. The study was performed in 2014. The questionnaire was taken and blood samples collected for determination of tacrolimus through level and for other laboratory tests. The primary end point was the first two years serum creatinine, the secondary end points included rejection episodes, blood through level of tacrolimus and some laboratory findings. Results: The post-transplant first two years serum creatinine levels were significantly different in 3 groups. Group III showed similar results compared to Group I. There was not enough data of biopsy proven acute rejection episodes however group II said more rejections occurred. However participants said that rejection occurred in 15 (15.6%) biopsy was done only 3 (3.1%) cases. Blood through level of tacrolimus was significantly different in three groups. Some laboratory findings showed different between three groups. Conclusions A regimen of Campath-1H induction with CNI monotherapy (Group II) may be advantageous for short-term renal function and cost effective but there were more rejection complications and increased creatinine. The regimen of Campath-1H induction 11 with standard triple (Group III) may be advantageous for long-term renal function, allograft survival, but there should consider about infection complications and polycythemia. Simulect induction with standard triple could be best choice but transplantations were performed in experienced centers. The study enrolled few cases and cases which were performed at the beginning of transplant program so many things could influence on the result. The study was compared beginner transplant center with experienced centers. Longitudinal cohort study needed in the future.