Although cytologic screening has considerably reduced the incidence of cervical cancer, there are some problems which remain to be solved, such as the low sensitivity of this procedure. HPV testing is fundamentally different from conventional cytologic testing, because it evaluates the HPV infection itself, the most important causative factor for cervical cancer. In this study, the roles and clinical applications of HPV testing in cervical cancer screening are examined from 3 standpoints: in primary screening, in the management of women with low-grade cytologic abnormalities, and in the follow-up after treatment of pre-invasive or early invasive lesions.
Cervix Neoplasms/*diagnosis/*virology ; DNA, Viral/analysis ; Female ; Human ; Papillomavirus Infections/complications/diagnosis ; Papillomavirus, Human/*isolation & purification ; Tumor Virus Infections/complications/diagnosis

BK virus (BKV) is a subtype of papovaviridae. The latent and asymptomatic infection of BKV is common among healthy people. The incidence of BKV re-activation in renal transplant recipients ranges 10%-68%. About 1%-7% of renal transplant recipients will suffer from BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN), and half of them will experience graft failure. This paper summarizes the re-activation mechanism of BKV as well as the risk factors, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of BKVAN.
BK Virus ; physiology ; Humans ; Kidney ; pathology ; virology ; Kidney Transplantation ; Polyomavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Postoperative Complications ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; virology ; Risk Factors ; Tumor Virus Infections ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Virus Activation

OBJECTIVETo study the detection methods of BK virus infection in kidney transplant recipients, and to explore the clinical application.

METHODS132 cases of renal transplant recipients were undertaken BK virus detection including presence of decoy cells in urinary sediment, urine and serum BKV-DNA to demonstrate the BK virus replication.

RESULTAmong 132 cases of renal transplant recipients, urinary decoy cell was found in 37 (28.0%) patients and the median time was 12 months after surgery. 32 (24.2%) patients were diagnosed as BK viruria at a median of 11 months after surgery, and 16 (12.1%) recipients were diagnosed as BK viremia at a median of 15 months after surgery, 5 patients with BK viruria were diagnosed as BK virus associated nephropathy according to allograft biopsy.

CONCLUSIONTo make early diagnosis of BK virus infection, detection of urine decoy cells and BKV-DNA in urine and plasma sample is important,which provides an important basis for the prevention of BK virus associated nephropathy.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; BK Virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney ; virology ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polyomavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; virology ; Postoperative Complications ; diagnosis ; virology ; Tumor Virus Infections ; diagnosis ; virology ; Virus Replication ; Young Adult