Although cytologic screening has considerably reduced the incidence of cervical cancer, there are some problems which remain to be solved, such as the low sensitivity of this procedure. HPV testing is fundamentally different from conventional cytologic testing, because it evaluates the HPV infection itself, the most important causative factor for cervical cancer. In this study, the roles and clinical applications of HPV testing in cervical cancer screening are examined from 3 standpoints: in primary screening, in the management of women with low-grade cytologic abnormalities, and in the follow-up after treatment of pre-invasive or early invasive lesions.
Cervix Neoplasms/*diagnosis/*virology ; DNA, Viral/analysis ; Female ; Human ; Papillomavirus Infections/complications/diagnosis ; Papillomavirus, Human/*isolation & purification ; Tumor Virus Infections/complications/diagnosis

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is a rapidly fatal illness, usually encountered in infancy, characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, and central nervous system involvement. Microscopic examination of tissue shows a non-malignant lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, with prominent erythrophagocytosis. FHL is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder but may develop secondarily to other conditions such as immunosuppression, malignancies, fat overload and certain infections. We recently experienced a case of siblings developing FHL, which may be associated with EBV infection.
Case Report ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Herpesviridae Infections/complications* ; Herpesvirus 4, Human* ; Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell/virology* ; Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell/genetics* ; Human ; Infant ; Male ; Tumor Virus Infections/complications*

Humans ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications* ; Smooth Muscle Tumor/therapy* ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

BK virus (BKV) is a subtype of papovaviridae. The latent and asymptomatic infection of BKV is common among healthy people. The incidence of BKV re-activation in renal transplant recipients ranges 10%-68%. About 1%-7% of renal transplant recipients will suffer from BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN), and half of them will experience graft failure. This paper summarizes the re-activation mechanism of BKV as well as the risk factors, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of BKVAN.
BK Virus ; physiology ; Humans ; Kidney ; pathology ; virology ; Kidney Transplantation ; Polyomavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Postoperative Complications ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; virology ; Risk Factors ; Tumor Virus Infections ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Virus Activation

OBJECTIVETo study the detection methods of BK virus infection in kidney transplant recipients, and to explore the clinical application.

METHODS132 cases of renal transplant recipients were undertaken BK virus detection including presence of decoy cells in urinary sediment, urine and serum BKV-DNA to demonstrate the BK virus replication.

RESULTAmong 132 cases of renal transplant recipients, urinary decoy cell was found in 37 (28.0%) patients and the median time was 12 months after surgery. 32 (24.2%) patients were diagnosed as BK viruria at a median of 11 months after surgery, and 16 (12.1%) recipients were diagnosed as BK viremia at a median of 15 months after surgery, 5 patients with BK viruria were diagnosed as BK virus associated nephropathy according to allograft biopsy.

CONCLUSIONTo make early diagnosis of BK virus infection, detection of urine decoy cells and BKV-DNA in urine and plasma sample is important,which provides an important basis for the prevention of BK virus associated nephropathy.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; BK Virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney ; virology ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polyomavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; virology ; Postoperative Complications ; diagnosis ; virology ; Tumor Virus Infections ; diagnosis ; virology ; Virus Replication ; Young Adult

Recently, detection of human papillomavirus (HPV)mRNA expression was made possible by in situ hybridization. We described a patient with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3, showing a distinctive and rare form of co-infection with HPV type 16 and 18. HPV-16 was detected in high grade squamous intraepithelial neoplastic lesion (CIN 3) and HPV-18 was in low grade lesion just adjacent to the HPV-16 infected area. This case suggests that HPV infection may be one of the most responsible causative agents producing malignant transformation and two distinctive HPV types can also simultaneously infect the squamous epithelium of the uterine cervix.
Adult ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia/*microbiology ; Cervix Uteri/microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Papillomaviridae/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Papillomavirus Infections/*microbiology ; Tumor Virus Infections/complications/*microbiology ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/*microbiology

Reactivation of polyoma virus (BK virus) is a significant cause of morbidity in kidney transplant patients. This seemingly insignificant viral infection that affects the majority of population at a young age, once reactivated by immunosuppression, is a major factor contributing to graft loss. Screening techniques have been developed for early prediction of BK virus reactivation. These include plasma and urine assays for detection of BK virus DNA by PCR, urine cytology for detection of "decoy cells" and electron microscopy. Combining urine cytology and serology screening can be more effective for early detection of BK virus reactivation. Immunohistochemistry can be utilized as an additional tool to support the diagnosis. Once screening tests reveal a suspicious BK virus reactivation, tissue biopsy should be performed to confirm the diagnosis, rule out acute cellular rejection and plan treatment approaches. Treatment normally includes decreasing immunosuppression and the use of antiviral drug therapy. Unfortunately, disease outcome is often unfavorable and can culminate with eventual graft loss. Renal retransplantation has been performed with mixed results. As new data emerges, we will gain a better understanding of the disease caused by BK virus and respond with improved early diagnosis and treatment to preserve graft function.
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; *BK Virus ; Humans ; Immunosuppression/*adverse effects ; Kidney Diseases/pathology/*virology ; *Kidney Transplantation ; Polyomavirus Infections/*complications/drug therapy/etiology ; Tumor Virus Infections/*complications/drug therapy/etiology

We report two cases of posttransplant malignant lymphoma(PTML) of B cell origin associated with Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) infection. They were a 52-year-old male and a 37 year-old-female, in whom intermediate-grade diffuse malignant lymphomas of large cell type developed in the submandibular area and jejunum, respectively. DNA and RNA in situ hybridization revealed the presence of EBV-specific DNA and RNA sequences in the tumor cells.
Adult ; Female ; *Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Kidney Transplantation/*adverse effects/pathology ; Lymphoma/*complications/pathology/virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Transplantation, Homologous ; Tumor Virus Infections/*complications

Viral infections cause at least 10%-15% of all human carcinomas. Over the last century, the elucidation of viral oncogenic roles in many cancer types has provided fundamental knowledge on carcinogenetic mechanisms and established a basis for the early intervention of virus-related cancers. Meanwhile, rapidly evolving genome-editing techniques targeting viral DNA/RNA have emerged as novel therapeutic strategies for treating virus-related carcinogenesis and have begun showing promising results. This review discusses the recent advances of genome-editing tools for treating tumorigenic viruses and their corresponding cancers, the challenges that must be overcome before clinically applying such genome-editing technologies, and more importantly, the potential solutions to these challenges.
Antiviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Carcinoma ; genetics ; therapy ; virology ; Gene Editing ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Therapy ; methods ; Humans ; Tumor Virus Infections ; complications

To determine whether the dysfunction of p53 caused either by mutation of the p53 gene itself or by binding to E6 protein of oncogenic HPVs is involved in the transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) of the bladder, we analyzed 23 TCCs of the bladder. DNA was extracted from each paraffin embedded tissue of TCCs of bladder and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis were performed to screen mutations in p53 tumor suppressor gene, then PCR/dot blot hybridization were performed to detect infection of HPVs. We found that p53 gene mutation was found in 3 cases and oncogenic HPV infection was detected in 8 cases and thus, the overall incidence of possible p53 dysfunction was 47.8% on DNA analysis (If the results of immunohistochemistry to detect overexpression of p53 protein were included, the incidence was 60.9%). Therefore, we concluded that dysfunction of p53 plays a major role in the development of TCCs of bladder in Korean patients.
Base Sequence ; Bladder Neoplasms/*genetics/pathology/*virology ; Dyes ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; *Genes, p53 ; Human ; Immunohistochemistry/methods ; Molecular Probes/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; *Papillomavirus, Human/classification/isolation & purification ; Papovaviridae Infections/*complications ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Tumor Virus Infections/*complications