No abstract available.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Tumor Microenvironment*

No abstract available.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Tumor Microenvironment*

Humans ; Lymphoma ; Tumor Microenvironment

Hematopoiesis ; Humans ; Leukemia ; Tumor Microenvironment

Gallbladder cancer(GBC)is one common type of bile tract cancers with poor prognosis. This review summarizes the recent development of studies about somatic mutation, molecular subtype, microenvironment heterogeneity, organoid, orthotopic model, patient-derived xenograft and clinical translation on GBC in aspects of genomic,transcriptome,single cell omics and clinical translation. We expect this review will provide new ideas on dissecting molecular mechanisms underlying the development and emerging chemoresistance of GBC following therapy and promote GBC precision medicine.
Humans ; Gallbladder Neoplasms/genetics* ; Prognosis ; Tumor Microenvironment

Humans ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Tumor Microenvironment ; Prognosis ; Adenosine

Pancreatic cancer is one of the digestive system tumors with a high degree of malignancy,and most of the patients are diagnosed in advanced stages.Because of limited available therapies,the mortality of this disease remains high.Tumor-associated macrophages(TAM),the main immune cells in the tumor microenvironment,are involved in the regulation of the occurrence and development of pancreatic cancer.Specifically,TAM are involved in the proliferation,invasion,immune escape,and chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer cells,demonstrating potential in the targeted therapy of pancreatic cancer.In this paper,we summarize the TAM-based therapies including consuming TAM,reprogramming TAM,dynamic imaging of TAM with nanoprobes,and regulating the phagocytic ability of TAM for pancreatic cancer,aiming to provide a theoretical basis for developing new therapies for pancreatic cancer.
Humans ; Tumor-Associated Macrophages ; Macrophages ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology* ; Tumor Microenvironment

Colorectal cancer is a common malignant tumor in gastrointestinal tract. Its onset and development are associated with its own characteristics as well as the tumor microenvironment (TME) in which tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells. After being recruited to the tumor site and stimulated by different signals in TME, TAMs can grow into two different subtypes, namely M1 and M2. TAMs are mainly manifested as M1 macrophages in the early stage of colorectal cancer, mediating the immune response to inhibit tumor growth. In the late stage, TAMs mainly grow into M2 macrophages, showing the ability to suppress immunity, stimulate the proliferation of tumor cells and tumor angiogenesis, and promote the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. It has been found that intervention in TAMs polarization can regulate its relationship with the onset and development of colorectal cancer.
Humans ; Tumor-Associated Macrophages ; Macrophages ; Tumor Microenvironment ; Colorectal Neoplasms

In recent years, progress in our understanding of immune-modulatory signaling pathways in immune cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) has led to rejuvenated interest in cancer immunotherapy. In particular, immunotherapy targeting the immune checkpoint receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell-death 1 (PD-1), and programmed cell-death ligand 1 (PD-L1) have demonstrated clinical activity in a wide variety of tumors, including gynecological cancers. This review will focus on the emerging clinical data on the therapeutic role of immune checkpoint inhibitors, and potential strategies to enhance the efficacy of this class of compounds, in the context of gynecological cancers. It is anticipated that future biomarker-directed clinical trials will provide further insights into the mechanisms underlying response and resistance to immunotherapy, and help guide our approach to designing therapeutic combinations that have the potential to enhance the benefit of immunotherapy in patients with gynecologic cancers.
Biomarkers ; CTLA-4 Antigen ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Tumor Microenvironment

Cholesterol is an important lipid in the body of mammals and an essential component of membrane structures. Cholesterol homeostasis is critical for the maintenance of cellular and body activities, and is mainly regulated by the balance of cholesterol biosynthesis and the exogenous cholesterol uptake. Aberrantly regulated cholesterol metabolism promotes tumor cell proliferation，survival，invasion and metastasis，and their adaptability into the tumor microenvironment. Therefore，targeting cholesterol biosynthesis and reduction of plasma cholesterol levels and cholesterol esterification will provide new strategies for cancer treatment. This review summarizes the current understanding in cholesterol homeostasis regulation and its function in the occurence and development of cancer，as well as current metabolism-targeted cancer treatments.
Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; Cholesterol ; Homeostasis ; Lipid Metabolism ; Neoplasms ; Tumor Microenvironment