The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test is a valuable tool in diagnosing and differentiating causes of early pubertal occurrences. Utility of the test can be limited in some instances, however, including the early phases of pubertal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activation, in girls showing commonly overlapping pictures, and in obese children due to excess circulating estrogen that suppresses luteinizing hormone (LH). A lack of consistent baseline and stimulated gonadotropin cutoffs observed in different studies also contributes to limitations in testing. Nevertheless, early detection of true pathological causes for pubertal disorders is needed to allow prompt treatment and better prognosis. While basal LH can be beneficial as a good screening tool for detecting pubertal disorder, it does not preclude the need for GnRH testing. The aim of this review was to highlight the role of GnRH stimulation tests and varying testing cutoffs in diagnosis of precocious puberty and its classification.

Background: As an early recognition of neonatal sepsis is important for triggering the initiation of treatment, this study was thus designed to assess the diagnostic performance and discrimination value of procalcitonin (PCT) in neonatal sepsis cases. Methods: This cross-sectional study, which was carried out at the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) in Kelantan, Malaysia, had involved 60 neonates admitted for suspected sepsis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV), negative predictive values (NPV) and the area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) for PCT were determined at initial presentation (0 h) as well as 12 h and 24 h after presentation in comparison to blood culture as the gold standard. Results: The study consisted of 27 (45.0%) male and 33 (55.0%) female neonates with a mean (SD) age of 76.8 (48.25) h. At cut-off PCT value of > 2 ng/mL, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 66.7%, 66.7%, 33.3% and 88.9% at 0 h. The respective parameters were 83.3%. 56.3%, 32.3% and 93.1% at 12 h and 83.3%, 52.1%, 30.3% and 92.6% at 24 h. AUC was 71.6%, 76.6% and 71.7% at 0 h, 12 h and 24 h. Conclusions: Diagnostic performance and discrimination values of PCT for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis varied with time of obtaining the blood samples. The PCT result at 12 h demonstrates the most optimal diagnostic performance and discrimination values.

Introduction: Scarcity of data found in regard to association of vitamin D level with bone mineral density (BMD). Our study aimed to determine the correlation of vitamin D with BMD and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) among healthy Malay adult. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 126 healthy Malay volunteers (aged 21–45 years old) from Kota Bharu, Malaysia. Serum total calcium, albumin, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), and iPTH were measured. BMD was assessed with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan over left hip (right hip in case of problem with left hip) and lumbar spine (L1 – L4 vertebrae). Results: The mean serum 25(OH)D was 38.91 ± 14.07 nmol/L. Out of 126 study subjects, 104 subjects (82.5%) had insufficient level of vitamin D (< 50 nmol/L). Mean hip and lumbar BMD were 0.952 ± 0.145 g/cm2 and 1.006 ± 0.133 g/cm2 respectively. According to T-score, 93 subjects (73.8%) had normal T-score of ≥ -1, 33 subjects (26.2%) had osteopenia (T-score -2.5 to -1) and none had osteoporosis (T-score ≤ -2.5). Significant positive correlation between serum 25(OH)D and hip BMD (r = 0.234, p = 0.009) was observed, but no correlation was found between serum 25(OH)D and lumbar BMD. Meanwhile, significant inverse correlation between serum 25(OH)D and iPTH was observed (r = -0.324, p < 0.001). Conclusion: High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency was observed among healthy Malay population, but majority had normal bone density. Nonetheless, serum 25(OH)D was positively correlated with BMD and inversely correlated with iPTH. Our findings support the role of vitamin D for maintaining bone health.

Introduction: Suboptimal vitamin D levels are commonly presented by systemic lupus erythemathosus (SLE) patients. This is likely due to protection measures from sunshine exposure adopted by SLE patients to reduce the likelihood of SLE flares onset. In this study, we investigated the vitamin D level among SLE patients and its association with SLE Disease Activity (SLEDAI) scores and among groups of steroid and non-steroid usage. Methods: We recruited 84 SLE patients who attended the Rheumatology Clinic of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia from June 2018 until October 2018. Their clinico-demographic data were retrieved and serum vitamin D immunoassay was conducted to measure the vitamin D levels of each patient Vitamin D levels were categorized as normal (≥75nmol/L), insufficient (50-74 nmol/L) or deficient (<50 nmol/L). Comparison between the clinico-demographic parameters with vitamin D levels were conducted using the Fisher’s exact test (for categorical variables) and unpaired t-test (for continuous variables). Results: The mean vitamin D level among the subjects was 40.79 ± 20.2 nmol/L. Fifty-eight (69%) patients were vitamin D deficient, while 20 (23.8%) patients were vitamin D insufficient, and only 6 (7.1%) patients had sufficient level of vitamin D. Vitamin D status was not significantly associated with SLEDAI score (p=0.185) as well as between steroids and non-steroids groups (p=0.255). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency occurred in majority of our SLE patients. SLE disease activities were not associated with the status of vitamin D or steroid usage.

Introduction: Dental caries and impaired salivary function are very common but undertreated. The aim of this study was to investigate the oral health status and salivary parameters of stroke patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 54 stroke and 54 non-stroke patients attending rehabilitation treatment at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Decay, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index and plaque scores were used to evaluate patients’ oral health. Salivary parameters such as salivary cortisol, salivary flow rate, pH and buffering capacity were measured. Salivary cortisol was analysed using Cobas E6000 automated immunoassay. Results: Among the 54 stroke patients, the majority were Malays 72.2% and 63.0% were male, with a mean age of 48.1 (14) years. There was a significant difference of dental caries between stroke patients, at 17.6 (4.26), compared to 15.7 (5.38) for non-stroke patients (p=0.042). Only 53.7% of stroke patients had good oral hygiene, compared to, 85.2% among non-stroke patients’ (p-value= 0.001). Salivary parameters showed no significant differences (p>0.05). However salivary cortisol levels were higher in stroke patients 5.2(5.1) nmol/L) than in non-stroke patients 4.0 (3.6) nmol/L). There was no significant correlation between salivary parameters and DMFT index (P>0.05). Conclusion: Stroke patients had more dental caries and poor oral hygiene compared to non-stroke patients. Salivary parameters showed no significant difference between stroke and non-stroke patients.

Introduction: C-reactive protein (CRP), urea, albumin, CRP/albumin ratio (CAR) and urea/albumin ratio (UAR) could be valuable biomarkers for determining the severity of illness in patients with COVID-19. This study aimed to determine the association between these markers and disease severity in COVID-19 patients on admission and days five to seven after admission. Methods: This retrospective study includes 153 adult COVID-19 patients admitted to Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II and Hospital Ampang from January 2021 to December 2021. Patients’ serum CRP, urea, albumin and creatinine levels were recorded on admission and on days five to seven after admission. The patients were categorised based on the Annex 2e guidelines published by the Ministry of Health, Malaysia and further classified as mild to moderate disease (stages 1-3) and severe to critical illness (stages 4-5). Results: On admission, urea, creatinine, CRP, UAR and CAR were significantly higher in the severe to critical group (p<0.001). The optimal cut-off value for the UAR was 0.16; the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.760, and sensitivity and specificity were 63.6% and 85.7%, respectively. The AUC of the CAR was 0.752, with 54.2% sensitivity and 91.4% specificity at an optimal cut-off value of 1.63. In severe to critical COVID-19 patients, albumin levels decreased significantly on days five to seven after admission, while urea levels remained significantly higher in this group (p<0.001, p<0.05, respectively). Conclusion: CRP, urea, albumin, CAR and UAR are promising biomarkers for predicting the severity of disease in COVID-19 patients.