Background: Ticks are notorious vectors of various pathogenic protozoa, bacteria, and viruses that cause serious and life-threatening illnesses in humans and animals worldwide. Screening of ticks for such pathogens by using molecular tools may identify the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in particular geographic environments. Babesia are tick-transmitted protozoa that comprise some of the most ubiquitous and widespread parasites of erythrocytes in humans and a wide range of wild and economically valuable domestic animals such as cattle and horses. For transmission to occur, therefore, the Babesia parasite must complete an elaborate developmental programme in the hostile tick environment.Objectives:To investigate molecular epidemiology of babesiosis in ticks from different ecological areas isolated in MongoliaSpecific objectives are:1. Molecular identification of tick-borne pathogens by multiplex PCR2. Analysis of molecular epidemiology focused on babesiosis in ticks from different ecological areas3. Determination of transmission ticks’ species of babesiosis Materials and Methods: A total of 528 ticks, including 5 species from three genera (D. nuttalli, D. niveus, D. silvarum, I. persulcatus and H. asiaticum), were collected from domestic animals, from humans, or by flagging of the vegetation at sites from 10 different provinces in Mongolia. 360 individual ticks were examined by multiplex PCR to detect DNA of tick borne pathogens. The multiplex PCR primers were specific to E. canis VirB9, Babesia spp 16S rRNA and H. canis 16S rRNA genes. At the final concentration each reaction was 25 μl. Results: DNA extraction was successful in 360 of these ticks. Babesia spp. were detected in 145 out of the 360 investigated ticks of all five tick species. Multiplex PCR products were from D. nuttalli, D. niveus, D. silvarum, I. persulcatus and H. asiaticum collected from horses, sheep, goats, camels, and cattle were identified as Babesia spp. The prevalences of babesiosis were in Тuv 2.1% (3/145), Dornogobi province 3.4% (5/145), Selenge 3.4% (5/145), Zavkhan 4.1% (6/145), Аrkhangai 6.9% (10/145), Bulgan 8.3% (12/145), Khovd 13.8% (20/145), Bayankhongor province 17.9% (26/145), Gobi-Altai 18.6% (27/145), Khuvsgul 21.4% (31/145) respectively.Conclusion:1. The infection rates of babesiosis were 40,2% by multiplex PCR2. The prevalences of babesiosis were in forest and forest-steppe 39.3%, forest-steppe and steppe 38.6%, gobi and desert 22% respectively.3. H. аsiaticum, I. persulcatus, D. niveus, D. silvarum, D. nuttalli play an important role as a vector of babesiosis.

BackgroundThere are 137 soums of 17 provinces have plague foci in Mongolia. The 51.7% of them is case, 23.4%- low, 9.5% - high, 0.7% - hyper active. Main host of plague foci is marmot in Mongolia. According last20 year’s surveillance study, about 75.5% of Y.pestis was isolated from marmot, marmot carcassesand their flea. Human plague cases has been caused illegal hunting marmot in Mongolia. Even legaldocument which prohibited marmot hunting was appeared since 2005, people has been hunting marmotfor selling marmot meat, skin and other products. It is depends economy crises and other public issues inMongolia. Also influenced increase risk of human plague and being reverse result in plague preventionactivities.Materials and MethodsStudy was used data of rodent for zoonotic diseases suspicious which tested plague in National centerfor zoonotic disease (NCZD) in 2005-2015 and 13 local center for zoonotic diseases in 1988-2015. Datawas kept in NCZD and National archival authority. For mapping we used Arc View 3.2.ResultsTotally 397 event information of suspicious rodents and other animals was received in NCZD from 8 districtsof Ulaanbaatar city in 2002-2015. Most of information was received from Songinokhairkhan-64.2%district and smallest number was from Nalaikh district-0.3%. 92.2% of them were marmot, 0.1% of themwere marmot raw products for treatment purpose. Totally 1285 animal samples were tested by plaguedisease and the result was negative. Five hundred thirty tree marmots were carried to Ulaanbaatar from10 provinces. In that time plague foci were active and Y.pestis was isolated in provinces which marmotwas carried to Ulaanbaatar.In 1988-2015, totally 257 marmots and animals of 515 event information was received in15 provinces.Including 13.2% of them were birds, 84% of them marmot, 1.6% of them were livestock, 1.2% of themother animals. About 216 marmots were tested by plague. 51.2% of them were detected positive results.We develop conclusion based laboratory investigation result even it need high cost to take earlyprevention and response measures.Conclusion1. It is high risk to spread plague by carrying suspicious animal in urban area. Therefore, it is importantto take early response measures even it high cost. In further, increase cost and support rapid test ofhigh technology.2. To organize rational advertisement and increase knowledge of population about not doing illegalhunting, not selling marmot raw products in urban area, not using marmot raw products for treatmentuse and avoid contact with marmot carcasses.3. It is important to cooperate joint response measures with policeman, inspection agency andveterinary and human health sectors in Mongolia.

Background: Medical geography deals with the application of major concepts and theories derived from human and physical geography to issues of health and disease. Between1970-1980, Russian scientists were first figured landscape, geographical distribution of TBE in Mongolia. Since human cases of TBD were registered from 2005, around 2000 cases of TBD were registered. From 15% of diseases and 78% of fatal cases were tick-borne encephalitis. Therefore, were tried to create current geographical distribution of TBE in Mongolia and detect risk areas. Мaterials and Methods: 287 TBE cases data, information of TBE positive tick and human data were analyzed which registered in NCZD between 2005-2017. Arc GIS 9 were used for create map. Mongolian map was divided by 5 landscape range such as forest-taiga, forest-steppe, steppe, steppe-desert, gobi and high mountain. Result: In forest-taiga range, 57% of TBE cases and incidence was 9.51 per 10000 population. 56.4% of I.persulcatus tick, 1.9% of D.nuttalli tick were found and infection rate of tick was Ixodes persulcatus-6.97%, Dermacentor nuttalli-5.2%. Seroprevalence of TBE was 25±12.1 among population.
In forest-steppe range, 40% of TBE cases and incidence was 0.56 per 10000 population. 43.6% of I.persulcatus tick, 44.3% of D.nuttalli, 24.4% of D.silvarum tick tick were found and infection rate of tick was Ixodes persulcatus-3.08%, D.silvarum-1.56% and D.nuttalli-1.56%. Seroprevalence of TBE was 14.5±11 among population.
In steppe range, 0.7% of TBE cases and incidence was 0.12 per 10000 population. 62.2% of D.silvarum tick, 23.9% of D.nuttalli tick were found and infection rate of tick was D.nuttalli-2.81% and D.silvarum-1.2%. Seroprevalence of TBE was 16.3±6.5 among population.
In other range including steppe-desert, gobi and high mountain, 2.8% of TBE cases and incidence was 0.1-0.27 per 10000 population. 62.2% of D.silvarum tick, 47.6% of D.nuttalli tick were found and infection rate of tick was D.nuttalli-0.84%. Seroprevalence of TBE was 2.5-13.1 among population. Conclusion Natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis have been registered in all landscape ranges of Mongolia and higher risk area of those ranges were forest-taiga and forest-steppe. Dermacentor silvarum, Dermacentor nuttalli tick becoming dominant vector of TBE in steppe range.