A 39-year-old woman presented at InternalMedicine Department of Second Clinical Hospital withepigastric pain associated with nausea,anorexia, generalized malaise, and insomnia. She had no otherimportant symptoms, and her personaland family antecedents for gastrointestinal disorders,abdominalsurgery, other diseases, or previous hospitalizationwere negative. Physical examination was normalexceptfor mild abdominal tenderness in epigastrium.Upper endoscopy observed multiple erosions in antrum of stomach.(Figure 1). Gastric biopsieswereperformed, and histopathological analysis resulted in ulcerative changes. Laboratory investigationsrevealed normal hemoglobin,hematocrit, white blood cell count, and liver and kidneyfunction. Syphilisserologies were positive for TPHA and RPR. Based on laboratory and endoscopic findings GastricSyphilis was diagnosed.The patient was treated with 2.400.000 UI dose ofpenicillin, leading to resolution of his clinical complaintsand endoscopic findings (Figure 3).

INTRODUCTION:Colonoscopy is the current standard method for evaluation of the colon. Diagnostic accuracy andtherapeutic safety of colonoscopy depends on the quality of the colonic cleansing or preparation.Thepreparation also would not cause any patient discomfort and would be inexpensive.GOAL:To compare two bowel preparation regimens for colonoscopy in terms of result of preparation.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total 100 patients underwent colonoscopy were randomized to two bowel preparation regimens: A saltlaxative solution (n=50) oruse water enema (n=50). In group A, patients were consuming up to 5 L of saltlaxative solution at 8:00 an examination.Second groupB, patient received 6-9 L water enema the eveningbefore the colonoscopy, and the morning of the examination. Associated with the bowel preparationsuch as duration of examination, used volume of fluid, quality of bowel preparation was good (availabilitydetection of polyps greater than 5 mm), poor (inadequate cleansing).Data were entered into computer database using SPSS 20.0. The one simple test was used for analysisof categorical and ordinal variables. A Ð value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS:Using oral salt laxatives andwater enema preparation were decreased duration of examination, patientsatisfaction, successful cleaning of colon mucosa for both diasnostic and treatment procedure, decreasedtime for patient preparation.CONCLUSION:This randomized trial, salt laxative solution achieved better bowel preparation for colonoscopy than waterenema.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer remains one of the critical healthcare challenges nowadays. There are a lot of studies done on colonic polypectomy around the world, and mostly diagnosis with dysplasia change, so we consider to chose to study this topic. Aim: In this study, we aimed to compare the between cold snare polypectomy (CSP) and hot snare polypectomy (HSP) of removing colon polyps. This method helped us to investigate which of the two methods is most prevalent for polypectomy. Materials and Method: The research was carried out using a targeted sampling method from the cases where colonoscopy was performed between 2022 and 2023, based on the Center for Imaging Diagnostics and Pathology of Third General Hospital of Mongolia with a colon polyps less than 5mm in size should be removed using the cold snare method according to the recommendation, and polyps between 5-10 mm should be removed using the hot snare method. After polypectomy, we assessed deep mucosal lesions using the Sydney classification. Result: The average age of the 81 cases included in the study was 57.9 years, and the male-female ratio was 1:1.2.149 cases (75.6%) of slightly elevated type 0-IIa according to the Paris classification, according to the morphological structure revealed by endoscopy, while 79 cases (75.6%) were tubular adenoma according to histological analysis. (38.9%), low grade dysplasia 52 (25.6%) and high grade dysplasia 3 (1.5%) cases are noteworthy. Average polyp was 5-9 mm. Most of polyps removed was left side of colon especially in sigmoid colon. Bleeding rate was higher in hot snare method 11.5%. (1/149, 0.7%, 5/52, 9.6%; P = 0.6). There was no recurrent rate and no perforation in our study. Conclusions In our study, average size of 5-9 mm were removed and slightly elevated (0-IIa), sessile (0-Is) type of polyps were commonly found in the sigmoid colon. There is a higher risk of bleeding due to mucosal damage in hot snare polypectomy. A combination of hot and cold methods is equally effective for resection of colon pollyps up to 1 cm in size.

Introduction: Bile reflux gastritis is due to an excessive reflux of duodenal contents into the stomach. The increasedenterogastric reflux may provide the basis for increased mucosal injury. In clinical practice the symptoms of bile reflux gastritis are nonspecific than the other gastritis. Only endoscopy and biopsy can confirm the diagnosis. Observation demonstrates that, in practice there is tendency to increase the bile reflux gastritis. However, in Mongolia there are much less research and studies in this area. Goal: Evaluate the endoscopical and histological changes caused by duodenal reflux on the gastricmucosa Materials and Methods: We included in our study 70 patients with bile reflux gastritis admitted in Second General Hospital in Ulaanbaatar. In all cases we performed an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and at least 4 biopsyspecimens were done from antral mucosa and the histological features were scored in accordance with the Sydney system. Results: The average age of the patients with bile reflux gastritis was 61.64±9, 69 years. Reflux gastritis was noted to 15 males and 55 females. Gastroduodenal reflux after chlocystoectomic surgery was noted in 46 cases (65.71%), and biliarytract disease was noted in 16 cases (22.85%). The average time interval from original operation tothe discovery of the bile reflux gastritis was 9.22 years after chlocystoectomic surgery. The commonest endoscopic alterations were: erythema of the gastric mucosa in 41 cases (58.57%),gastric antral atrophy in 20 cases (28.57%), gastric diffuse atrophy in 27 cases (38.57%), thepresence of bile into the stomach in 70 cases (100%), erosions in 3 cases (4.28%), gastric ulcer in2 cases (2.85%), intestinal metaplasia in 10 cases (14.28%).The histologic alterations observed from tissues collected during endoscopic examination were chronic super facial gastritis in 19 cases (27.14%), chronic atrophic gastritis in 51 cases (72.85%),an intestinal metaplasia in 32 cases (14.28%), gastric erosions and ulcer in 4 cases (5.71%),dysplasia in 1case (1.42%), Helicobacter pylori infection in 14 cases (20%). Conclusions The most frequent risk factors for bile reflux gastritis were chlocystoectomic surgery and biliary tract disease. Histological findings of patients with bile reflux gastritis revealed gastric cancer precursor lesions, therefore follow-up endoscopic examinations and early treatment of bile reflux are essential.

Colorectal cancer remains one of the critical healthcare challenges nowadays. Most patients’ disease, especially colorectal polyps develop via the adenoma carcinoma sequence; using colonoscopy with polypectomy reduces both mortality and incidence by removing precancerous adenomas, which are called polyps. In recent years, colorectal cancer tends to increase among Asian population. There are only limited studies that have been conducted in Mongolia regarding colorectal polypectomy and its complications. Both cold polypectomy and hot polypectomy are accepted methods. In this study, we aim to compare the complications (bleeding, perforation) between cold snare polypectomy (CSP) and hot snare polypectomy (HSP) of adenomas and hyperplastic polyps. After the procedure, repeated endoscopy will be performed to compare the incomplete resection rate (IRR) and complete resection rate (CRR) of mucosal residual and presence of recurrency. This will help us to investigate which of the two methods is most prevalent for polypectomy.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer remains one of the critical healthcare challenges nowadays. Most patients’ disease, especially colorectal polyps develop via the adenoma carcinoma sequence; using colonoscopy with polypectomy reduces both mortality and incidence by removing precancerous adenomas, which are called polyps. In recent years, colorectal cancer tends to increase among Asian population. There are only limited studies that have been conducted in Mongolia regarding colorectal polypectomy and its complications. Both cold polypectomy and hot polypectomy are accepted methods. In this study, we aimed to compare the complications (bleeding, perforation) between cold snare polypectomy (CSP) and hot snare polypectomy (HSP) of adenomas and hyperplastic polyps. After the procedure, repeated endoscopy was performed to compare the incomplete resection rate (IRR) and complete resection rate (CRR) of mucosal residual and presence of recurrency. This method helped us to investigate which of the two methods is most prevalent for polypectomy. Materials and Method: The research was carried out using a targeted sampling method from the cases where colonoscopy was performed between 2020 and 2022, based on the Center for Imaging Diagnostics and Pathology of Third General Hospital of Mongolia with a colonoscopy with a high-performance Olympus EVIS EXERA III brand NBI from Japan. In this study, we selected only hyperplastic polyps and adenomas <10 mm in size. Polyps less than 5 mm in size should be removed using the cold snare method according to the recommendation, and polyps between 5-10 mm should be removed using the hot snare method. After polypectomy, we assessed deep mucosal lesions using the Sydney classification. Result : According to the results of the study, in terms of age, the percentage of people having a polyp removed was relatively low among 15-39 year olds compared to the other age groups, while it was higher in those aged >65 years. In terms of body mass index, 75% of the total number of people who had a tumor removed were overweight, indicating that overweight or obese people are at higher risk of developing a colorectal polyps. In terms of gender, 63% of people who had a polyp removed were male, indicating a male predominance in polyp prevalence. The percentage of tumor questionnaires in the total study population was 0% or absent. Early detection of adenomas and hyperplastic polyps, which are precursors of tumor, is the main way to prevent the development of cancer. A slightly raised polyp was present in 53 or 79.1% of the polyps, while a broad-based polyp occurred in 13 or 19% of the polyps, indicating the predominance of the slightly raised polyp in the population. In terms of location, polyps occurred more often in the descending colon and the sigmoid colon, and complications (perforation, bleeding) related to the anatomical structure and location are more likely to occur in these parts of the colon. However, the likelihood of relapse is very low. The procedure time was 17.6 minutes on average, and in 14 cases, hemostatic clamps were placed to prevent the risk of bleeding, and in 5 cases, epinephrine was injected for hemostasis. Early detection of colorectal diseases (endoscopy), changes in the lifestyle of clients, and regular preventive examinations are the main factors to reduce the risk of cancer development, and early start of treatment as well as complete removal of adenoma, an antecedent to cancer, will have a significant impact on cancer prevention and mortality reduction. Conclusions
1. Left sided polyps were commonly diagnosed among study participants.
2. Correlation between the probability of recurrence and the anatomical location of the polyps was very low.
3. Our results suggest that HSP and CSP techniques can be effectively used for the complete removal of 4–10mm colorectal polyps. Moreover, there was no significant difference between CSP and HSP in terms of overall complications.

Background: The physiology and intellectual traits of individuals are interrelated and should be studied comprehensively. In traditional medicine, the teachings of wind (khi), bile (shar), and phlegm (badgan) are considered an integrated system for maintaining health, preventing diseases, diagnosing, and treating illnesses. Aim: Our research is to study students’ physical indicators, body composition, innate characteristics and the relationship between physique and psychological factors. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on relatively healthy individuals, did clinical observations and used a cross-sectional study design. (defined as those experiencing internal physiological changes that do not impair their work capacity or active lifestyle) Results: Participants were aged 19-25 years, with an average age of 21.5. Heights ranged from 149 cm to 198 cm, with an average of 165.7 cm. Weights ranged from 37 kg to 111 kg, with an average of 61.55 kg. The Body Mass Index (BMI) varied between 15.3 and 36.3, with an average of 22.36. The majority of participants were female (76.4%), while male participants accounted for 23.6%. Regarding individual constitutional types, the most common were: predominantly bile with wind characteristics (21.2%), predominantly bile with phlegm characteristics (30.8%), predominantly wind with bile characteristics (19.6%). Stress survey results ranged from a minimum score of 0 to a maximum of 50, with an average score of 20.6, indicating slightly below-average psychological well-being. The correlation between physiological traits and psychological survey scores was R=0.323** (p=0.001), showing a weak but positive correlation. This suggests that below-average psychological well-being is only minimally influenced by physiological traits. Conclusion The stress survey results indicated an average score of 20.6, slightly below the normal psychological index. The correlation between constitutional traits and psychological well-being was weak but positive (R=0.323**, p=0.001). This implies that individual constitutional characteristics have a minimal effect on psychological well-being. In the study of intrinsic unique characteristics, it has been found that certain physical constitution metrics of the participants demonstrate both positive and negative correlations with the majority of body types, indicating that individuals exhibit varying physical constitution characteristics. Additionally, there exists a positive but weak correlation between intrinsic unique characteristics and stress levels, warranting further investigation.

Background: Establishment of quantitative reference intervals of white blood cells and its subpopulations using a high accuracy analytic system is essential for clinical medicine, public health, and anthropology. We are unable to identify peer-reviewed literature sources describing white blood cell counts and their subpopulations using monoclonal antibodies to specific surface antigens in healthy Mongolians. This study aimed to measure the counts of white blood cells and their subpopulations in healthy Mongolians using flowcytometry. Materials and Methods: The absolute number (cell/L) of leukocytes (CD45+), granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes were measured by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting Assay (MACSQuant Analyzer 10) in 287 blood donors (158 males and 129 females) 17-64 years of age (mean age 33.1±12.4). Peripheral blood samples were collected at the time of blood donation at the National Center for Transfusion Medicine. Results The mean values of leukocytes and granulocytes were lower in donors over 30 years of age (ANOVA: F=4.408, p=0.002 and F=5.685, p=0.001) and regression analysis demonstrated indirect correlation between counts of these cells and age of donors (r= - 0.198, p=0.001 and r=-0.221, p=0.001, respectively). Gender-related differences in white blood cell counts were not found.
Mean value of lymphocyte count in donors investigated in spring (May and March, n = 87; 2224.6±775.3) was significantly higher than those in winter (December – February, n=180; 1613.2±454.3, p=0.001) and autumn (October, n=20; 1576.1±438.6, p= 0.001).
Comparing of our findings with the data from available literature shown that healthy Mongolians have lower leukocyte count compared with Koreans, Chinese Han population and lower mean value of lymphocyte count comparing with Korean, Chinese Han population, and Arabian (Saudi Arabia) populations.